10-9– 10-6 M |
Inhibition of neutrophils function |
Suppressed the
release of MPO, NE and MMP-9 |
Neutrophils adhesion to HUVECs |
(Jones et al., 2005) |
1–1000 nM L_1 |
Inhibition of the
prothrombotic functions of PMNs and MNs |
Inhibited the release
of NETs and suppressed tissue factor expression in MNs |
Human
PLTs and PMNs |
(Totani et al., 2016) |
500 ug/d |
Anti-inflammatory effects |
Inhibited phosphodiesterase-4 enzyme that targets the systemic
inflammation associated with COPD and decreased inflammatory mediators |
COPD patients |
(Martinez et al., 2015) |
500 ug/d
|
Anti-inflammatory effects
|
Inhibited allergen-induced
sputum eosinophils, neutrophils and ECP
|
Allergic asthmatic patients
|
(Gauvreau et al., 2011; Bateman et al., 2016)
|
0.3 – 1.0 mg/kg body
|
Prevention of polymicrobial sepsis
|
Reduced
bacterial load, inhibited expression of pro-inflammatory
cytokines mainly IL-6 and TNF-alpha and suppressed NF-κB, p38 MAPK and
STAT3
|
Mice with cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis
|
(Feng et al., 2017)
|
1, 10, and 100 n mol/L and 1 μ mol/L dissolved in DMSO
|
Inhibition of airway remodeling |
Inhibited ECM
protein deposition and thereby, airway remodeling |
Human ASM
cells |
(Burgess et al., 2006) |
5 mg/kg/d,
suspended in
2.5% polyethylene glycol 4% methylcellulose solution
|
Inhibition of airway remodeling
|
Reduced the accumulation of chronic inflammatory cells, and
thickening of airway epithelium
|
BALB/c mice model of chronic asthma
|
(Kumar et al., 2003)
|
10-9– 10-6 M |
Anti-proliferative effects |
Attenuated cell
proliferation and production of (MMP-2 and MMP-9) |
Distal
human PASMCs |
(Growcott et al., 2006) |
5 mg/kg/day
|
Anti- fibrotic effects
|
Antagonized metabolic
effects related to pulmonary fibrosis (like alterations in the
oxidative equilibrium, a strong inflammatory response and collagen
synthesis activation)
|
Bleomycin-Induced Fibrosis in mice
|
(Milara et al., 2015a)
|
10-6– 10-7 M |
Anti-fibrotic effects |
Antagonized the profibrotic
activity of fibroblasts stimulated by TGF-beta1 |
Adult human
lung fibroblast cell lines |
(Togo et al., 2009) |
500 ug/d |
Anti-hyperglycemic effects |
Enhanced secretion of intestinal GLP-1, a main incretin
with potent insulinotropic effect
|
35–70 yr. patients with
newly diagnosed DM type II |
(Wouters et al., 2012) |