Objectives: We aimed to investigate depression, burnout, attitude, and burden of caregivers of children with cystic fibrosis (CF), and especially caregivers of children with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) due to limited number of studies on this topic, and to compare them according to their children’s clinical status. Methods: Clinical features and demographic data of children and their families were asked to caregivers in four pediatric pulmonology centers. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (ZCBS), and Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) were administered to caregivers in both groups. Results were compared between the two groups. Results: In total, 131 children with CF and 39 with PCD and their caregivers were involved in study. All primary caregivers were mothers in both groups. Depression, burnout, and burden scores of mothers of children with CF were significantly higher than mothers of children with PCD (p=0.017, p=0.024, p=0.038, respectively). Burnout was higher in both CF and PCD groups with low family income (p=0.022, p=0.034). Number of hospital visits in the previous six months was correlated with burnout in both CF and PCD groups (r=0.207, p=0.034; r=0.352, p=0.044). Conclusions: Although mothers of children with CF have higher depression, burnout, burden, and negative attitudes towards children than mothers of children with PCD, it is disregarded in mothers of children with PCD. Psychological problems of mothers of children with CF and PCD may increase with frequent hospital visits, hospitalizations, low family income, number of children, and chronic disease in another child.

Objectives: To evaluate the risk factors of recurrent pulmonary exacerbation and poor prognosis in children with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH).  Methods: In this multicenter study, 54 patinets with diagnosis of IPH included. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed from three tertiary care hospitals between 1979 and 2019. Also, current information and the long-term progress of patients was determined by contacting the families by telephone. Results: A total of 54 children were included. The median age of onset of symptoms was 4.5 ± 3.8 years. The median time from onset to diagnosis was 0.9 years ± 2.2. The mean number of recurrent episodes per child in the recurrence-positive group was 3.55 (1-15). Univariate analysis demonstrated that patients presenting with hypoxia or requiring transfusion at the time of presentation had significantly more recurrence episodes (P=0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of hypoxia at the time of initial presentation was a significant independent predictor of recurrent episodes (P=0.027). The median follow-up was 3.3 ± 4.8 years (0.75 months-27 years). There was a significant relationship between the presence of hypoxia, transfusion history, ANA positivity, and elevated transaminases at the time of initial evaluation and treatment response. Conclusions: The present study provides important information on the clinical course and outcome of pediatric IPH, and substantial information regarding factors that affect recurrent exacerbations and prognosis. Demonstrating of hypoxia as an independent risk factor in recurrence episodes could be guide physicians in the planning of treatment strategies.