Age
|
Increased CFR
>80 - 14.8% vf 2.3%
70-79 – 8.0%
|
Increased oxidative stress, decreased IFN responses.
Elevated proinflammatory cytokines.
|
(96–98)
|
Blood groups |
Higher risk in blood group A and protective effect in
blood group O in a cohort of 1,610 cases |
Neutralizing antibodies
against protein-linked N-glycans on SARS-CoV-2, or stabilisation of vWF. |
(99–101) |
Cardiovascular Disease
|
Increased CFR
10.5% vf 2.3%
|
Infection of cardiomyocytes, Increased myocarditis, impact of drugs on
RAS. Increase levels of vWF.
|
(96,102)
|
Cancer |
4.7%, 5.6% |
unknown |
(96,103) |
Diabetes mellitis |
7.3% |
Reduced ACE2 levels in diabetes already
predispose to a proinflammatory environment. Increased IL-6 levels.
Increased levels of vWF |
(96,104) |
Gender |
Increased CFR for males across all ages |
Differential
expression levels of ACE2, hormonal regulation of immune reposes, IL-6
higher in men |
(105,106) |
Ethnicity
|
Higher risk in some ethnic groups not due to socioeconomic
conditions
|
Difference in TLR expression, levels of IL-6 and TNFα.
Reduced levels of VitD.
|
(107,108)
|
Obesity |
BMI >25 or 30 increased risk of severe pneumonia
by 86% and 140% |
Dysregulated NK cells, increased numbers of myeloid
cells in adipose tissues and expression of ACE2 by adipocytes |
(109,110) |