Study population
From October 2015 to December 2019, 10,741 cases of CA for AF were screened from the database of AF center of Anzhen Hospital. Fourteen patients with kidney or liver transplantation (9 patients with kidney transplantation and 5 patients with liver transplantation) who underwent the first CA for AF were enrolled in the present study. Meanwhile, another 56 AF patients without kidney or liver transplantation matched by age, sex and AF type were selected as the controls (4 controls for each renal or hepatic transplant recipient). The exclusion criteria included valvular AF, previous CA for AF and a follow-up of less than six months.