2.1. Materials
ZrCl4 (98%) and 2-NH2-BDC (98%) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). TMC (98%) was purchased from Shanghai Energy Chemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.5%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36.0%), ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.7%), trichloromethane (CHCl3, 99.0%), titanium (III) chloride (TiCl3), DETA (CP), anhydrousn -hexane (97%), and analytical grade NaCl, LiCl, and MgCl2 were obtained from China National Pharmaceutical Group Industry Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All reagents and solvents were used as received, without further purification. Deionized (DI) water was used throughout the experiments.
A Neosepta AMX (Tokuyama Co., Japan) anion exchange membrane and a Selemion CSO (AGC Engineering Co., Japan) MCPM were used for electrodialysis (ED) experiments. Porous polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which was used as membrane substrate, was obtained from Guo Chu Technology Co., Ltd. (China).