Characteristics of The Included Studies
The general characteristics of the included articles are presented in
Table 1. Of the 36 included articles that published between 2014 and
2019, eight articles were conducted in the United States, five articles
were in India, and the other articles were conducted in Ethiopia, Saudi
Arabia, France, Spain, Malaysia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Israel, China,
Turkey, Nepal, South Africa, Australia, Iran, Thailand, Singapore, and
Taiwan. Regarding the study designs, the majority of included articles
(32) in this scoping review were quantitative study design, 23 of them
were descriptive study (prospective, non-experimental, observational,
retrospective cohort, Ex-post facto, cross-sectional study), and nine
studies were experimental. Furthermore, three studies were qualitative
study design, and one study was a mix method design. The sample size was
42,586 patients were included in this scoping review, ranging from 18 to
14,135 patients. The age varying between 18 and 88 years, and the
majority of the sample was female. Twenty-nine studies recruited samples
from the outpatient setting.