Characteristics of The Included Studies
The general characteristics of the included articles are presented in Table 1. Of the 36 included articles that published between 2014 and 2019, eight articles were conducted in the United States, five articles were in India, and the other articles were conducted in Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, France, Spain, Malaysia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Israel, China, Turkey, Nepal, South Africa, Australia, Iran, Thailand, Singapore, and Taiwan. Regarding the study designs, the majority of included articles (32) in this scoping review were quantitative study design, 23 of them were descriptive study (prospective, non-experimental, observational, retrospective cohort, Ex-post facto, cross-sectional study), and nine studies were experimental. Furthermore, three studies were qualitative study design, and one study was a mix method design. The sample size was 42,586 patients were included in this scoping review, ranging from 18 to 14,135 patients. The age varying between 18 and 88 years, and the majority of the sample was female. Twenty-nine studies recruited samples from the outpatient setting.