Exclusion Criteria
Studies evaluating the effects of NAC in noncardiac surgical settings (such as contrast induced nephropathy, endothelial function, and so on) and those that did not report the specified renal outcomes were excluded. Studies that lacked details on the timing and duration of administration of NAC or the exact amount of dosage administered were excluded. Studies of a small sample size, defined as having less than 10 patients in each arm of the randomised controlled trial, were also excluded.