APAP |
Hepatotoxicity |
p-cresol |
↑ |
Competes for sulfation |
(Clayton et al., 2009) |
|
|
PPD |
↑ |
Depletes glutathione |
(Gong S, Lan T, Zeng L, Luo H, Yang
X, Li N, Chen X, Liu Z, Li R, Win S, Liu S, Zhou H, Schnabl B, Jiang Y,
Kaplowitz N, 2018) |
|
|
DOPA, 4-HPA |
↓ |
Activate Nrf2 and enhance enzymes |
(Xue et al.,
2016; Zhao et al., 2018) |
|
|
Fructose |
↓ |
Alters gut microbial community |
(Cho et al.,
2017) |
|
|
Bacillus spore |
↓ |
Alters proinflammatory cytokines |
(Neag et
al., 2020) |
Tacrine |
Hepatotoxicity |
β-glucuronidase |
↑ |
Increases toxic
metabolites |
(Yip et al., 2018) |
|
|
Antibiotics |
↓ |
Decreases toxic metabolites |
(Yip et al.,
2018) |
Triptolide |
Hepatotoxicity |
Antibiotics |
↑ |
Increases toxic
metabolites |
(Huang et al., 2020a) |
|
|
Propionate |
↓ |
- |
(Huang et al., 2020a) |
Geniposide |
Hepatotoxicity |
Antibiotics |
↓ |
Decreases toxic
metabolites |
(Jin et al., 2014) |
MTX |
Gastrointestinal toxicity |
Bacteroides fragilis |
↓ |
Restores gut microbiota |
(Zhou et al., 2018a) |
|
|
Bifidobacterium longum |
↓ |
|
(Huang et al.,
2020b) |
|
|
Lactobacillus rhamnosus |
↓ |
|
(Tang et al.,
2020) |
|
|
Dietary restriction |
↓ |
|
(Tang et al., 2020) |
Irinotecan |
Gastrointestinal toxicity |
β-glucuronidase inhibition |
↓ |
Decreases toxic metabolites |
(Wallace et al., 2010; Roberts et al.,
2013) |
|
|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG A-905 |
↓ |
Restores gut microbiota |
(Bastos et al., 2016) |
|
|
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 |
↓ |
|
(Wang et al.,
2019c) |
5-FU |
Gastrointestinal toxicity |
Sorivudine |
↑ |
Inactivates
metabolic enzymes |
(Klaassen and Cui, 2015) |
|
|
FMT |
↓ |
Downregulates expression levels of TLRs, MyD88, and serum
IL-6 |
(Chang et al., 2020a) |
|
|
Lactobacillus casei rhamnosu |
↓ |
Restore gut microbiota |
(Chang et al., 2018) |
|
|
Saccharomyces Boulardii |
↓ |
|
(Justino et al.,
2014) |
|
|
Lactobacillus GG |
↓ |
|
(Holma et al., 2013) |
|
|
Atractylodes Macrocephala and Panax Ginseng
|
↓ |
|
(Wang et al., 2019a) |
MMF |
Gastrointestinal toxicity |
Antibiotics |
↓ |
Decreases toxic
metabolites |
(Flannigan et al., 2018) |
Clindamycin |
Neurotoxicity |
- |
- |
Overgrowth of
propionic acid-producing bacteria |
(El-Ansary et al., 2013) |
|
|
Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli |
↓ |
Restore Mg2+ and GABA and
increased Na+/Mg2+ and glutamate/GABA ratios in the brain |
(El-Ansary
et al., 2018) |
|
|
ProtexinR |
↓ |
|
(Al-Orf et al., 2018) |
Penicillin |
Neurotoxicity |
- |
- |
Alters expression of AVPR1A/B,
OXTR, imbalanced FOXP+ Treg cells and
gut microbial dysbiosis |
(Champagne-Jorgensen et al.,
2020) |
|
|
- |
- |
Changes gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, BBB
integrity, cytokines expression |
(Leclercq et al., 2017) |
|
|
Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 |
↓ |
Restore gut microbiota |
(Leclercq et al., 2017) |
Amoxicillin |
Neurotoxicity |
- |
- |
Gut microbiota dysbiosis |
(Helaly
et al., 2019) |
Ampicillin |
Neurotoxicity |
- |
- |
Increases lipid peroxidation and
decreases GSH and potassium levels |
(El-Ansary et al.,
2015) |
|
|
- |
- |
Alters neurotransmitters |
(Bhat et al.,
2016) |
|
|
Dietary intervention |
↓ |
Restore gut microbiota |
(El-Ansary et
al., 2015; Bhat et al., 2016) |
Isoflurane |
Neurotoxicity |
- |
- |
Gut microbiota dysbiosis |
(Wang et
al., 2019b) |
Cocaine |
Neurotoxicity |
- |
- |
Gut microbiota dysbiosis |
(Scorza et
al., 2019) |