Drugs Toxicity Interventions Toxic effects Mechanism Ref.
APAP Hepatotoxicity p-cresol Competes for sulfation (Clayton et al., 2009)
PPD Depletes glutathione (Gong S, Lan T, Zeng L, Luo H, Yang X, Li N, Chen X, Liu Z, Li R, Win S, Liu S, Zhou H, Schnabl B, Jiang Y, Kaplowitz N, 2018)
DOPA, 4-HPA Activate Nrf2 and enhance enzymes (Xue et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2018)
Fructose Alters gut microbial community (Cho et al., 2017)
Bacillus spore Alters proinflammatory cytokines (Neag et al., 2020)
Tacrine Hepatotoxicity β-glucuronidase Increases toxic metabolites (Yip et al., 2018)
Antibiotics Decreases toxic metabolites (Yip et al., 2018)
Triptolide Hepatotoxicity Antibiotics Increases toxic metabolites (Huang et al., 2020a)
Propionate - (Huang et al., 2020a)
Geniposide Hepatotoxicity Antibiotics Decreases toxic metabolites (Jin et al., 2014)
MTX Gastrointestinal toxicity Bacteroides fragilis Restores gut microbiota (Zhou et al., 2018a)
Bifidobacterium longum (Huang et al., 2020b)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Tang et al., 2020)
Dietary restriction (Tang et al., 2020)
Irinotecan Gastrointestinal toxicity β-glucuronidase inhibition Decreases toxic metabolites (Wallace et al., 2010; Roberts et al., 2013)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG A-905 Restores gut microbiota (Bastos et al., 2016)
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (Wang et al., 2019c)
5-FU Gastrointestinal toxicity Sorivudine Inactivates metabolic enzymes (Klaassen and Cui, 2015)
FMT Downregulates expression levels of TLRs, MyD88, and serum IL-6 (Chang et al., 2020a)
Lactobacillus casei rhamnosu Restore gut microbiota (Chang et al., 2018)
Saccharomyces Boulardii (Justino et al., 2014)
Lactobacillus GG (Holma et al., 2013)
Atractylodes Macrocephala and Panax Ginseng (Wang et al., 2019a)
MMF Gastrointestinal toxicity Antibiotics Decreases toxic metabolites (Flannigan et al., 2018)
Clindamycin Neurotoxicity - - Overgrowth of propionic acid-producing bacteria (El-Ansary et al., 2013)
Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli Restore Mg2+ and GABA and increased Na+/Mg2+ and glutamate/GABA ratios in the brain (El-Ansary et al., 2018)
ProtexinR (Al-Orf et al., 2018)
Penicillin Neurotoxicity - - Alters expression of AVPR1A/B, OXTR, imbalanced FOXP+ Treg cells and gut microbial dysbiosis (Champagne-Jorgensen et al., 2020)
- - Changes gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, BBB integrity, cytokines expression (Leclercq et al., 2017)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 Restore gut microbiota (Leclercq et al., 2017)
Amoxicillin Neurotoxicity - - Gut microbiota dysbiosis (Helaly et al., 2019)
Ampicillin Neurotoxicity - - Increases lipid peroxidation and decreases GSH and potassium levels (El-Ansary et al., 2015)
- - Alters neurotransmitters (Bhat et al., 2016)
Dietary intervention Restore gut microbiota (El-Ansary et al., 2015; Bhat et al., 2016)
Isoflurane Neurotoxicity - - Gut microbiota dysbiosis (Wang et al., 2019b)
Cocaine Neurotoxicity - - Gut microbiota dysbiosis (Scorza et al., 2019)