where Lij (1) is the landscape FR volume (cube-root transformed) within either a 250, 500, or 750 m radius (each spatial scale was run in separate models) surrounding the i th transect in site j during the first time period (1) that bees were observed visiting flowers, and ΔLijk is the non-positive change (positive changes were equivalent to no change, i.e. equalling zero) in the landscape FR volume (cube-root transformed), within the same radius as the Lij (1) term, surrounding the i th transect in site j from the previous time period (k – 1) to the current time period k , from which was calculated the cumulative sum of ΔLijkacross all time periods since bees were first observed visiting flowers; models were run both including and excluding the Tijk term. Finally, the model for H3b was of the form