Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) include coronary heart disease (CHD),
cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic and
congenital heart diseases, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism20. Cardiovascular diseases are characterized by
lipid-rich plaques accumulating in blood vessels. The establishment and
development of plaque is a result of an interplay of chronic
inflammation, endothelia dysfunction, and fibrosis of vascular muscle
cells. CVDs are the leading cause of death globally, claiming around
17.9 million people’s lives per year 21. CVDs arise
from the complex combination of hereditary predisposition and
environmental factors such as lifestyle that depends on educational
level, income, and advanced age, leading to a progressive deterioration
of cardiovascular structure and function. Amongst all the risk factors,
aging dominants 22. Roughly 70-75% of Americans who
aged 60-79 are affected by CVDs 23.