Metformin |
Metformin |
Metformin |
Metformin |
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Slack 2012
|
Fruit flies
|
1,10,100 mM, every day
|
1-10 mM, no effect on survival;
>10mM, lifespan decrease
Increase mean lifespan by 18%, 36%, 3%
|
Cabreiro 2013 |
C. elegans |
25, 50, 100 mM, every day |
Increase mean
lifespan by 14%, 6%, 0% |
Anisimov 2011
|
Mice
|
100 mg/kg, every day, started at 3, 9 or 15 months
|
0.1%, lifespan increase by 5.83%;
1%, lifespan decrease by 14.4%
|
Martin-Montalvo 2013 |
Human |
0.1%, 1% metformin (w/w) for 30 weeks |
All-cause mortality decrease |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer
effect |
Mitsuhashi 2014 |
Human |
1500‐2250 mg/day, for 4 to 6 weeks |
Inhibited
endometrial cancer cells grow in vivo |
Reduce cardiovascular disease risk |
Reduce cardiovascular disease risk |
Reduce cardiovascular disease risk |
Reduce cardiovascular disease
risk |
H. P. Chen 2013 |
Human |
Based on the condition of patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus |
Hepatocellular carcinoma risk
decreases |
Lexis 2015 |
Human |
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
patients, 500 mg twice daily, for 4 months |
Cardiovascular risk
decreases |
Goldberg 2017 |
Human |
850 mg twice daily, for over 3.2 years |
Coronary atherosclerosis risk decreases |
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease
effect |
Chen 2009 |
Mice |
2–5 mg/mL for 6 days |
Both intracellular and
extracellular Aβ species increases |
Li 2012 |
Mice |
200 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 18 weeks |
AD-like biochemical
changes decrease |
Koenig 2018 |
Human |
Metformin or placebo for 8 weeks |
Executive
functioning improves |
Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect |
Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect |
Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect |
Anti-Parkinson’s disease
effect |
Katila 2017 |
Mice |
200 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 7 days |
Metformin provides
neuroprotection against MPTP neurotoxicity |
Rapamycin |
|
|
|
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Life extension effect |
Holman 2008 |
Yeasts |
100, 300, 600, 1000pg/mL in the culture medium |
Lifespan increase in a dose-responsive manner |
Bjedov 2010 |
Fruit flies |
200μM, for 14 days |
Lifespan
increase |
Vellai 2003 |
Nematodes |
Using let-363-(RNAi) treated worms from
hatching |
Increase mean lifespan by 100% |
Harrison 2009
|
Mice
|
Begins at 600 days, 14.7 mg/kg
|
females’ lifespan increases by 14%;
males’ lifespan increases by 9%
|
Anisimov 2010 |
Mice |
1.5mg/kg, 3 times a week for 2 weeks, followed by
a 2 weeks break |
Increase mean lifespan by 4.1% |
Miller 2014 |
Mice |
Begins at 3 months, ever day |
females, lifespan
increase by 26%; males, lifespan increase by 23% |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer effect |
Anticancer
effect |
Guba 2002 |
Mice |
1.5 mg/kg/d, begins on day 0 or 7 relative to tumor
implantation |
Inhibited liver tumors grow |
Granville 2007 |
Mice |
1 weeks after NNK administration |
Tumors show
decreased phenotypic progression and a 74% decrease in
size |
Anisimov 2011 |
Mice |
Begins at 2 months ,3 times a week, for 2 weeks,
followed by a 2 weeks break, for 2 years |
Shifted the tumor-yield curve
to the right and prolonged mean lifespan |
Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect |
Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease
effect |
Caccamo 2010 |
Mice |
2.24 mg/kg, every day |
RAPA improves learning and
memory and reduces Abeta and Tau pathology. |
Spilman 2010 |
Mice |
2.24 mg/kg, for 13 weeks |
AD-like cognitive
deficits are prevented and levels of Abeta is lowered |
Lin 2017 |
Mice |
14mg/kg, every day |
Block progression of early
cognitive deficits |