Study Organisms Application scheme Effect
Metformin Metformin Metformin Metformin
Life extension effect Life extension effect Life extension effect Life extension effect
Slack 2012
Fruit flies
1,10,100 mM, every day
1-10 mM, no effect on survival; >10mM, lifespan decrease Increase mean lifespan by 18%, 36%, 3%
Cabreiro 2013 C. elegans 25, 50, 100 mM, every day Increase mean lifespan by 14%, 6%, 0%
Anisimov 2011
Mice
100 mg/kg, every day, started at 3, 9 or 15 months
0.1%, lifespan increase by 5.83%; 1%, lifespan decrease by 14.4%
Martin-Montalvo 2013 Human 0.1%, 1% metformin (w/w) for 30 weeks All-cause mortality decrease
Anticancer effect Anticancer effect Anticancer effect Anticancer effect
Mitsuhashi 2014 Human 1500‐2250 mg/day, for 4 to 6 weeks Inhibited endometrial cancer cells grow in vivo
Reduce cardiovascular disease risk Reduce cardiovascular disease risk Reduce cardiovascular disease risk Reduce cardiovascular disease risk
H. P. Chen 2013 Human Based on the condition of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Hepatocellular carcinoma risk decreases
Lexis 2015 Human ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, 500 mg twice daily, for 4 months Cardiovascular risk decreases
Goldberg 2017 Human 850 mg twice daily, for over 3.2 years Coronary atherosclerosis risk decreases
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect
Chen 2009 Mice 2–5 mg/mL for 6 days Both intracellular and extracellular Aβ species increases
Li 2012 Mice 200 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 18 weeks AD-like biochemical changes decrease
Koenig 2018 Human Metformin or placebo for 8 weeks  Executive functioning improves
Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect Anti-Parkinson’s disease effect
Katila 2017 Mice 200 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for 7 days Metformin provides neuroprotection against MPTP neurotoxicity
Rapamycin
Life extension effect Life extension effect Life extension effect Life extension effect
Holman 2008 Yeasts 100, 300, 600, 1000pg/mL in the culture medium Lifespan increase in a dose-responsive manner
Bjedov 2010 Fruit flies 200μM, for 14 days Lifespan increase
Vellai 2003 Nematodes Using let-363-(RNAi) treated worms from hatching Increase mean lifespan by 100%
Harrison 2009
Mice
Begins at 600 days, 14.7 mg/kg
females’ lifespan increases by 14%; males’ lifespan increases by 9%
Anisimov 2010 Mice 1.5mg/kg, 3 times a week for 2 weeks, followed by a 2 weeks break Increase mean lifespan by 4.1%
Miller 2014 Mice Begins at 3 months, ever day females, lifespan increase by 26%; males, lifespan increase by 23%
Anticancer effect Anticancer effect Anticancer effect Anticancer effect
Guba 2002 Mice 1.5 mg/kg/d, begins on day 0 or 7 relative to tumor implantation Inhibited liver tumors grow
Granville 2007 Mice 1 weeks after NNK administration Tumors show decreased phenotypic progression and a 74% decrease in size
Anisimov 2011 Mice Begins at 2 months ,3 times a week, for 2 weeks, followed by a 2 weeks break, for 2 years Shifted the tumor-yield curve to the right and prolonged mean lifespan
Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease effect
Caccamo 2010 Mice 2.24 mg/kg, every day RAPA improves learning and memory and reduces Abeta and Tau pathology.
Spilman 2010 Mice 2.24 mg/kg, for 13 weeks AD-like cognitive deficits are prevented and levels of Abeta is lowered
Lin 2017 Mice 14mg/kg, every day Block progression of early cognitive deficits