Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) include coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic and congenital heart diseases, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism20. Cardiovascular diseases are characterized by lipid-rich plaques accumulating in blood vessels. The establishment and development of plaque is a result of an interplay of chronic inflammation, endothelia dysfunction, and fibrosis of vascular muscle cells. CVDs are the leading cause of death globally, claiming around 17.9 million people’s lives per year 21. CVDs arise from the complex combination of hereditary predisposition and environmental factors such as lifestyle that depends on educational level, income, and advanced age, leading to a progressive deterioration of cardiovascular structure and function. Amongst all the risk factors, aging dominants 22. Roughly 70-75% of Americans who aged 60-79 are affected by CVDs 23.