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\begin{document}

\title{Multifaceted Immune Responses to African Swine Fever Virus: Implications
for Vaccine Development}



\author[1]{Tao Wang}%
\author[1]{Yuan Sun}%
\author[2]{S.J. Huang}%
\author[1]{Hua-Ji Qiu}%
\affil[1]{Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin Veterinary Research Institute}%
\affil[2]{Foshan University School of Life Science}%


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  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious, often fatal viral
disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), leading to severe
hemorrhages in domestic pigs and wild boars. In 2007, ASF was
reintroduced into Europe. Since then, ASF has spread to many European
and Asian countries and now becomes a major concern to the swine
industry worldwide. There have been various vaccine attempts, but no
commercial ASF vaccines are available so far. A key hurdle in developing
a safe and effective ASF vaccine is the limited understanding of the
mechanisms of immune responses to and immune protection against ASFV
infection. Some vaccine candidates show promising results, but more
important scientific challenges remain unsolved. Here, we provide an
overview of the current knowledge in innate and adaptive immune
responses elicited by ASFV infection or different kinds of vaccine
candidates. Additionally, the applications and prospects of vaccine
candidates are discussed. Finally, we highlight the implications of
these mechanisms for rational design of ASF vaccines.%
\end{abstract}%



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