Target-site insensitive mutation profiles
By searching against the NCBI PubMed database, we obtained 440 articles
reporting resistance to organophosphates and carbamates associated with
insensitive mutations to AChE, 368 articles reporting resistance to
pyrethroids associated with insensitive mutations to VGSC, 32 articles
reporting resistance to diamides associated with insensitive mutations
to RyR, and 81 articles reporting resistance to neonicotinoids
associated with insensitive mutations to nAChR. Among these published
insensitive mutations, 20 insensitive mutations at 17 sites on AChE were
distributed amongst 36 insect species(Supplementary, Table S1) ;
46 insensitive mutations at 29 sites on VGSC were distributed amongst 39
insect species (Supplementary, Table S2) ; 6 insensitive mutations
at 4 sites on RyR were distributed amongst 4 insect
species(Supplementary, Table S3) ; 4 insensitive mutations at 4
sites on nAChR were distributed amongst 4 insect species(Supplementary, Table S4) . Due to the insecticide target gene
sequence polymorphism among different insects, every type of target gene
was aligned to the corresponding target gene of a specific insect, then
the corresponding positions of all the mutations in the target gene were
determined. Amino acid positions of all AChE mutations were aligned to
the AChE in Torpedo californica ; amino acid positions of
all VGSC mutations were aligned to the VGSC in Musca
domestica ; amino acid positions of all RyR mutations were
aligned to the RyR in P. xylostella ; amino acid positions
of nAChR alpha1, alpha3, alpha6 and beta1 subunit mutations were
aligned to the nAChR alpha1subunit, the alpha3 subunit inNilaparvata lugens , the alpha6 subunit in Frankliniella
occidentalis , and the beta1 subunit in A. gossypii , respectively
(Figure 1 ).