Target-site insensitive mutation profiles
By searching against the NCBI PubMed database, we obtained 440 articles reporting resistance to organophosphates and carbamates associated with insensitive mutations to AChE, 368 articles reporting resistance to pyrethroids associated with insensitive mutations to VGSC, 32 articles reporting resistance to diamides associated with insensitive mutations to RyR, and 81 articles reporting resistance to neonicotinoids associated with insensitive mutations to nAChR. Among these published insensitive mutations, 20 insensitive mutations at 17 sites on AChE were distributed amongst 36 insect species(Supplementary, Table S1) ; 46 insensitive mutations at 29 sites on VGSC were distributed amongst 39 insect species (Supplementary, Table S2) ; 6 insensitive mutations at 4 sites on RyR were distributed amongst 4 insect species(Supplementary, Table S3) ; 4 insensitive mutations at 4 sites on nAChR were distributed amongst 4 insect species(Supplementary, Table S4) . Due to the insecticide target gene sequence polymorphism among different insects, every type of target gene was aligned to the corresponding target gene of a specific insect, then the corresponding positions of all the mutations in the target gene were determined. Amino acid positions of all AChE mutations were aligned to the AChE in Torpedo californica ; amino acid positions of all VGSC mutations were aligned to the VGSC in Musca domestica ; amino acid positions of all RyR mutations were aligned to the RyR in P. xylostella ; amino acid positions of nAChR alpha1, alpha3, alpha6 and beta1 subunit mutations were aligned to the nAChR alpha1subunit, the alpha3 subunit inNilaparvata lugens , the alpha6 subunit in Frankliniella occidentalis , and the beta1 subunit in A. gossypii , respectively (Figure 1 ).