Offspring emergence and subsequent survival
During the 50-day pupal observation period, 96% of 355 pupae from the control, 93% of 187 pupae from the mating delay, and 91% of 232 pupae from the nutritional stress group emerged successfully. There was no evidence of variation in the probability of emergence between pupae from different mothers across treatments and no convincing evidence of an effect of pupal wet weight or mother age on the probability of emergence for pupae from the control or mating delay groups (null models: controlω = 0.612; mating delay ω = 0.492) (Table S4.10). However, there was evidence of an effect of both wet weight and mother age for the nutritional stress group (model with weight and age ω = 0.602). Pupae in the nutritional stress group from older mothers had a lower probability of emergence and this was exacerbated for pupae in the lowest weight quartile (Fig. S7, Table S4.11).
All starved offspring were dead by 15 days post emergence. There was only evidence for an effect of individual mother on survival in the nutritional stress group (model including random intercept: controlω = 0.347; mating delay ω = 0.287; nutritional stressω = 0.916) (Table S4.12). Although there was no evidence for a difference in wet weight between female and male offspring (Fig. 5a), across all three treatments there was evidence that on average female offspring survived slightly longer than males (Table S4.13, Fig. 5b). For all three treatment groups, there was a quadratic effect of mother age on offspring survival and offspring from young mothers in the nutritionally stressed group were particularly vulnerable to early starvation (Fig. 5b, Table S4.12 – 14).