Offspring fat analysis
We dried pupae in an incubator at 70°C for 48 hours, and then recorded their dry weight before placing them in ether inside a metal tray. We changed the ether each day for three days. On the fourth day, samples were again dried for 48 hours in an incubator at 70°C and then re-weighed to estimate the residual dry weight. We calculated the difference between the dry weight and residual dry weight to estimate the fat previously described (Buxton & Lewis 1934; Phelps 1973).