References:
  1. Mansour A, Atoui R, Kanso K, et al. First Case of an Infant with COVID-19 in the Middle East. Cureus 2020 12(4): e7520. DOI 10.7759/cureus.7520
  2. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020; 395(10223):514-23.
  3. Liu W, Zhang Q, Chen J, et al. Detection of Covid-19 in Children in Early January 2020 in Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med . 2020; 382(14):1370-1371. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2003717. Epub 2020 Mar 12.
  4. Cai J, Xu J, Lin D, et al. A Case Series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features. Clin Infect Dis . 2020; pii: ciaa198. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa198. [Epub ahead of print]
  5. Zhu L, Wang J, Huang R, et al. Clinical characteristics of a case series of children with coronavirus disease 2019. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020; doi: 10.1002/ppul.24767. [Epub ahead of print]
  6. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, et al. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study.Lancet Infect Dis . 2020; pii: S1473-3099(20)30198-5. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5. [Epub ahead of print]
  7. Shen Q, Guo W, Guo T, et al. Novel coronavirus infection in children outside of Wuhan, China. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020; doi: 10.1002/ppul.24762. [Epub ahead of print]
  8. Chen J, Zhang ZZ, Chen YK, et al. The clinical and immunological features of pediatric COVID-19 patients in China. Genes & Diseases 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.03.008
  9. Xia W, Shao J, Guo Y, et al. Clinical and CT features in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection: Different points from adults.Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:1169–1174.
  10. Sun D, Li H, Lu XX, et al. Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center’s observational study. World J Pediatr . 2020; doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00354-4.
  11. Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, et al. Chinese Pediatric Novel Coronavirus Study Team. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. N Engl J Med . 2020; doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2005073. [Epub ahead of print]
  12. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics . 2020; pii: e20200702. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702. [Epub ahead of print]
  13. Wei M, Yuan J, Liu Y, et al. Novel Coronavirus Infection in Hospitalized Infants Under 1 Year of Age in China.JAMA . 2020; doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2131. [Epub ahead of print]
  14. Karimi-Zarchi M, Neamatzadeh H, Dastgheib SA, et al. Vertical Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) from Infected Pregnant Mothers to Neonates: A Review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol . 2020; 1-5. doi: 10.1080/15513815.2020.1747120. [Epub ahead of print]
  15. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID‐19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records.Lancet . 2020; 395 : 809‐815
  16. Chen Y, Peng H, Wang L, et al. Infants Born to Mothers With a New Coronavirus (COVID-19). Front Pediatr.2020; 8:104. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00104. eCollection 2020.
  17. Li N, Han L, Peng M, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis . 2020; pii: ciaa352. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa352. [Epub ahead of print]
  18. Zeng L, Xia S, Yuan W, et al. Neonatal Early-Onset Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in 33 Neonates Born to Mothers With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Pediatr . 2020; doi: 0.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0878. [Epub ahead of print]
  19. Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr . 2020; 9(1):51-60. doi: 10.21037/tp.2020.02.06
  20. Tagarro A, Epalza C, Santos M, et al. Screening and Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children in Madrid, Spain. JAMA Pediatr . 2020; doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1346. [Epub ahead of print]
  21. Parri N, Lenge M, Buonsenso D. Coronavirus Infection in Pediatric Emergency Departments (CONFIDENCE) Research Group.Children with Covid-19 in Emergency Departments in Italy. N Engl J Med . 2020; doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2007617.
  22. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020; doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6775. [Epub ahead of print]
  23. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children - United States, February 12-April 2, 2020.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2020; 69(14):422-426. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6914e4.
  24. Paret M, Lighter J, Pellett, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in febrile infants without respiratory distress.Clin Infect Dis . 2020; pii: ciaa452. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa452. [Epub ahead of print]
  25. Jones VG, Mills M, Suarez D, et al. COVID-19 and Kawasaki Disease: Novel Virus and Novel Case. Hosp Pediatr . 2020; pii: hpeds.2020-0123. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-0123.
  26. Guidance: Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/guidance-paediatric-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-temporally-associated-covid-19
  27. Esper F, Shapiro ED, Weibel C, et al. Association between a novel human coronavirus and Kawasaki Disease. J Infect Dis. 2005; 191(4):499-502. Epub 2005 Jan 14
  28. Henry BM, Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel coronavirus disease 2019.Clin Chem Lab Med . 2020; pii: /j/cclm.ahead-of-print/cclm-2020-0272/cclm-2020-0272.xml. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0272. [Epub ahead of print]
  29. Xing YH, Ni W, Wu Q, et al. Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Microbiol Immunol Infect . 2020; pii: S1684-1182(20)30081-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.021. [Epub ahead of print]
  30. Xing Y, Ni W, Wu Q, et al. Dynamics of Faecal SARS-CoV-2 in Infected Children during the Convalescent Phase.J Infect. 2020; pii: S0163-4453(20)30177-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.049. [Epub ahead of print]
  31. Xu Y, Li X, Zhu B,et al. Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding. Nat Med . 2020;26(4):502-505. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0817-4. Epub 2020 Mar 13.
  32. Duan YN, Zhu YQ, Tang LL, et al. CT features of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in children. Eur Radiol . 2020; doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-06860-3
  33. Xia W, Shao J, Guo Y, et al. Clinical and CT features in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection: Different points from adults. Pediatr Pulmonol . 2020;55(5):1169-1174. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24718. Epub 2020 Mar 5.
  34. Chiotos K, Hayes M, Kimberlin DW, et al. Multicenter initial guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc . 2020; pii: piaa045. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa045. [Epub ahead of print]
  35. Nickbakhsh S, Mair C, Matthews L, et al. Virus-virus interaction impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 2019;116(52):27142-27150.
  36. Ozdemir C, Kucuksezer UC, Tamay ZU. Is BCG vaccination effecting the spread and severity of COVID-19?Allergy. 2020; doi: 10.1111/all.14344. [Epub ahead of print]
  37. Sarialioglu F, Belen Apak FB, Haberal M. Can Hepatitis A Vaccine Provide Protection Against COVID-19? Exp Clin Transplant. 2020; 18(2):141-143. doi: 10.6002/ect.2020.0109. Review.
  38. Schouten LR, van Kaam AH, Kohse F, et al. Age-dependent differences in pulmonary host responses in ARDS: a prospective observational cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2019; 9(1):55.
  39. Beneteau-Burnat, B., Baudin, B., Morgant, G., et al. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in healthy and sarcoidotic children: comparison with the reference interval for adults. Clin. Chem.1990; 36 , 344–346.
  40. Xie X, Xudong X, Chen J, et al: Age- and gender-related difference of ACE2 expression in rat lung. Life Sci 2006; 78:2166–2171
  41. Gu H, Xie Z, Li T, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits lung injury induced by respiratory syncytial virus. Sci Rep . 2016 ; 6:19840. doi: 10.1038/srep19840.
  42. The Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases textbook 2020
  43. Bitnun A, Allen U, Heurter H, et al; Children hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related illness in Toronto.Pediatrics . 2003;112: e261.
  44. Azhar EI, Lanini S, Ippolito G, et al. The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - A Continuing Risk to Global Health Security.Adv Exp Med Biol 2017; 972:49-60.
  45. Liu Y, Yan L-M, Wan L, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis . 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1473 -3099(20)30232 -2
  46. Yu X, Sun S, Shi Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in sputum correlates with risk of COVID-19 progression.Crit Care . 2020; 24(1):170. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02893-8.
  47. Fleming S, Thompson M, Stevens R, et al. Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: A systematic review of observational studies. Lancet 2011; 377:1011.