3.1.3. Effects on Antibody Production
Consuming 1 capsule/day of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (GanedenBC30) for 28 days increased CD3+CD69+ cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) levels (Kimmel et al., 2010). Moreover,Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (1073R-1)increased anti-influenza virus (A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)) antibodies (IgA, IgG1) in animal model (Nagai et al., 2011). Interestingly, heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 can act as an IFN-β inducer (Maeda et al., 2009).
Lactobacillus casei shirota, another potential probiotic,was capable to reduce plasma antibody titres in cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus infected people through modulation the activity of natural killer (NK) cells (Kawai & Akira, 2006); but it had not any therapeutic effect on norovirus-induced gastroenteritis (Nagata et al., 2011).
Oral administration of yogurt containing Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) in healthy adult subjects potentiated vaccine-specific antibody production against A/H1N1 and B influenza viruses (Nishihira et al., 2018). In another trial, Titres against the influenza B strain increased significantly in group receiving Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 (CNCMI-1518) for 13 weeks (Boge et al., 2009).
Some other strains such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) , when administered for 4 weeks to children with gastroenteritis who were positive for either rotavirus or Cryptosporidium species in stool, caused a significant increase in serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels occurred (Sindhu et al., 2014). According to evidence, the titres of vaccine-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG3 in plasma as well as that of vaccine-specific secretory IgA in saliva were significantly greater in those who received both probiotics “Bifidobacterium animalis  ssp. lactis  and Lactobacillus paracasei  ssp. Paracasei (109 CFU for 6 weeks) ” (Rizzardini et al., 2012). Furthermore, 172 full‐term infants that were fed by probiotics formula (106 CFU/gBifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis; Bb12 ) had more anti-poliovirus-specific IgA in the feces sample, but not anti-rotavirus-specific IgA (Holscher et al., 2012).
Akatsu et al. (Akatsu et al., 2013) highlighted a significant association between Bifidobacterium and increased immune function and intestinal microbiota in the elderly; administration ofBifidobacterium longum( BB536) for 5 weeks resulted in an increase of serum IgA. BB536 intake did not significantly affect hemagglutination inhibition titres in response to influenza vaccine. NK cell activity did not also decrease significantly in probiotics group.
Interestingly, Receiving a jelly containing 10 billionheat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei MCC1849 cells for 6 weeks could improve the antibody responses to the A/H1N1 and B antigens in ≥85 years of age subgroup (n = 27), anyway, the overall results were not significant compared with placebo (Maruyama et al., 2016).