Anthropometric analysis
Nasal tip projection, nasal length, and nasolabial angle were measured in lateral view preoperative and postoperative photographsand compared. Photographswere analyzed using Adobe Illustrator software (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). Nasal tip projection was defined as the distance from the alar crease to the nasal tip (maximal distance from the alar base to the nasal tip). Distances between the lateral mouth corner (oral commissure) and the upper margin of Cupid’s bow (labrale superius) were measured for standardization purposes. Nasal tip projection was standardized as the measurement of the distance between the commissure and the labrale superius, and nasal tip projection ratio was defined as the ratio of nasal tip projection and the distance between the commissure and labrale superius. Nasolabial angle was defined as the angle between a line drawn through the anterior and posterior ends of the nostril and the vertical facial plane. This differs slightly from the columellar–labial angle, which is formed by the columella and the upper lip. The nasolabial angle is often influ­enced by a prominent caudal septum, which gives the impres­sion of increased tip rotation despite a normal nasolabial angle. Nasolabial angle provides an approximation of tip rotation relative to the Frankfort hori­zontal plane drawn through the external auditory canal to the orbital rim. Nasal tip location was identified to be between the point perpendicular to the facial plane in the nasal tip and the point from the facial plane to the intersection of the upper and lower lips. Nasal tip location was defined as the distance between the commissure and labrale superius, and nasal tip location ratio was defined as the ratio of nasal tip location and the distance between the commissure and labrale superius. Nasal length was defined as the distance from radix to tip-defining point, and was calculated using the distance between the commissure and labrale superius, for standardization purposes(Fig. 3).