References
Amaral, L.C., P.D.S. Castanheira, and S.P. De Carvalho-e-silva. 2015. Predation on the tropical bullfrog Adenomera marmorata (Anura: Leptodactylidae) by the wandering spider Ctenus ornatus (Araneae: Ctenidae) in southeastern Brazil. Herpetol. Notes 8:329–330.
Barej, M.F., J.A.M. Wurstner, and W. Böhme. 2009. Predation on the treefrog Leptopelis brevirostris (Anura: Arthroleptidae) by a wandering spider (Araneae: Ctenidae) in Cameroon. Herpetol. Notes 2:137–139.
Bertram, B.C.R. 1979. Studying predators. 2nd No.3. (J.J.R. Grimsdell, ed.). African Wildlife Foundation, P.O. Box 48177 Nairobi, Kenya. 50 pp.
Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. 1982. Observations on the Malagasy frog Heterixalus Laurent, 1944 (Hyperoliidae). Beaufortia 32:1–11.
Bovo, R.P., E.G. De Oliveira, and L.N. Bandeira. 2014. Predation on two Dendropsophus species (Anura : Hylidae) by a pisaurid spider in the Atlantic forest , southeastern Brazil. Herpetol. Notes 7:329–331.
Bowers, M.D., I.L. Brown, and D. Wheye. 1985. Bird Predation as a Selective Agent in a Butterfly Population. Evolution (N. Y). 39:93–103.
Ceron, K., V.L. Ferreira, W.M. Tomas, and D.J. Santana. 2017. Battle of giants : Predation on giant tadpole of Pseudis platensis (Anura: Hylidae) by a giant water bug (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae). Herpetol. Notes 10:263–265.
Collins, C.T., and A. Watson. 1983. Field Observations of Bird Predation on Neotropical Moths. Biotropica 15:53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2387999
Costa-pereira, R., F.I. Martins, E.A. Sczesny-moraes, A. Brescovit, C. Grande, C. Grande, and C. Grande. 2010. Predation on young treefrog (Osteocephalus taurinus) by arthropods (Insecta , Mantodea and Arachnida , Araneae) in Central Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 10:469–472.
Duellman, W.E., and L. Trueb. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. 1986. 549 pp.
Fadel, R.M., R. Thaler, H. Folly, C. Galvão, M. Hoffmann, L. Alves, D.J. Santana, and S. Mângia. 2019. Predation of anurans across multiple life stages in an Amazon – Cerrado transitional zone. Herpetol. Notes 12:895–899.
Fennessy, J. 2004. Behavioural ecology. Pp. 126–159 in Ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in northwestern Namibia. Sydney,Australia.
Folly, H., L.F. De Arruda, V.F. Gomes, M.O. Neves, and R.N. Feio. 2017. Predation on Ololygon carnevallii (Caramaschi and Kisteumacher, 1989) (Anura, Hylidae) by Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891) (Aranae, Ctenidae). Herpetol. Notes 10:365–367.
Folt, B., and W. Lapinski. 2017. New observations of frog and lizard prédation by wandering and orb-weaver spiders in Costa Rica. Phyllomedusa 16:269–277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.vl6i2p269-277
Gaiarsa, M.P., L. Rodrigues, V. De Alencar, C.J. Dias, and M. Martins. 2012. Predator or prey ? Predatory interactions between the frog Cycloramphus boraceiensis and the spider Trechaleoides biocellata in the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil. Herpetol. Notes 5:67–68.
Glaw, F., and M. Vences. 2007. Ny Toro-hay momba ny Amphibia sy ny Reptilia an’i Madagasikara. 529.
Henon, N. 2015. Inventaire des araignées de la forêt d’Ambodiriana et de ses alentours-Madagascar. 83.
Jackson, R.R. 1987. The biology of Olios spp., huntsman spiders (Araneae, Sparassidae) from Queensland and Sri Lanka: predatory behaviour and cohabitation with social spiders. Bull.Br.arachnol.Soc 7:133–136.
Jäger, P. 2012. New species of the spider genus Olios Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae: Sparassidae: Sparassinae) from Laos. Zootaxa 68:61–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3228.1.3
Jehle, R., A. Franz, M. Kapfer, H. Schramm, and H.G. Tunner. 1996. Lizards as prey of arthropods : Praying Mantis Mantis religiosa (LINNAEUS, 1758) feeds on juvenile Sand Lizard Lacerta agilis LINNAEUS, 1758 (Squamata: Sauria: Lacertidae). Herpetozoa 9:157–159.
Karger, D.N., O. Conrad, J. Böhner, T. Kawohl, H. Kreft, R.W. Soria-Auza, N.E. Zimmermann, H.P. Linder, and M. Kessler. 2017. Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas. Sci. Data 4:1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122
Kie, J.G. 1999. Optimal foraging and risk of predation: effects on behavior and social structure in ungulates. J. Mammal. 80 (4):1114–1129.
Kirchmeyer, J., L.C. Amaral, A. Magaldi, R.L. Cerqueira, and S.P. De Carvalho-e-silva. 2017. Predation on the treefrog Scinax similis (Anura: Hylidae) by the orb-weaver spider Eriophora fuliginea (Araneae: Araneidae) in southeastern Brazil. Phyllomedusa 16:113–116.
Koski, D.A., and L. Merçon. 2015. Predation on Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) by the Guira Cuckoo Guira guira (Aves: Cuculiformes) in the state of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil. Herpetol. Notes 8:35–37.
Lopes, L.E., A.M. Fernandes, and M.Â. Marini. 2005. Predation on vertebrates by Neotropical passerine birds. Lundiana 6:57–66.
Maffei, F., F.K. Ubaid, and J. Jim. 2010. Predation of herps by spiders (Araneae) in the Brazilian Cerrado. Herpetol. Notes 3:167–170.
Martin, L.J., B. Blossey, and E. Ellis. 2015. Mapping where ecologists work : biases in the global distribution of terrestrial ecological observations. Ecol. Soc. Am. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/110154
von May, R., E. Biggi, H. Cárdenas, … D.L. Rabosky. 2019. Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest. Amphib. Reptile Conserv. 13:65–77.
Menin, M., D.D.J. Rodrigues, and C.S. De Azevedo. 2005. Predation on amphibians by spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in the Neotropical region. Phyllomedusa 4:39–47.
Meyer, C., H. Kreft, R. Guralnick, and W. Jetz. 2015. Global priorities for an effective information basis of biodiversity distributions. Nat. Commun. 6:1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9221
Muscat, E., E.L. Rotenberg, and C.A. Chagas. 2014. Predation of Scinax littoralis (Anura: Hylidae) by Eriophora fuliginea (Arenae: Araneidae) in Southeastern Brazil. Herpetol. Notes 7:169–170.
Nyffeler, M., and M. Kno. 2013. Bat Predation by Spiders. PLoS One 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058120
Olofsson, M., A. Vallin, S. Jakobsson, and C. Wiklund. 2010. Marginal eyespots on butterfly wings deflect bird attacks under low light intensities with UV wavelengths. PLoS One 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010798
Pedrozo, M., L.D.S. Almeida, M.D.T. Moroti, and D.J. Santana. 2017. Predation on Physalaemus olfersii (Anura: Leptodactylidae) by Phoneutria nigriventer (Aranae: Ctenidae) in Atlantic Forest , South-east of Brazil. Herpetol. Notes 10:369–371.
Pinheiro, C.E.G., and R. Cintra. 2017. Butterfly Predators in the Neotropics: Which Birds are Involved? J. Lepid. Soc. 71:109–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18473/lepi.71i2.a5
Du Puy, D.J., and J. Moat. 1996. A refined classification of the primary a refined classification of the primary vegetation of Madagascar based on the underlying geology: using GIS to map its distribution and to assess its conservation status. Pp. 205–218 in Biogeographic de Madagascar (W.R. Lourenço, ed.). Proceedings of the International Symposium on the “Biogeography de Madagascar”, Paris, September 1995.
Pyke, G.H., S.T. Ahyong, A. Fuessel, and S. Callaghan. 2013. Marine crabs eating freshwater frogs: Why are such observations so rare? Herpetol. Notes 6:195–199.
Raharivololoniaina, L., D.R. Vieites, F. Glaw, and M. Vences. 2003. Larval stages, habitat and distribution of the hyperoliid frog Heterixalus rutenbergi (Boettger, 1881). Alytes 21:59–65.
Raselimanana, A.P. 2018. Field observations of predation events in Malagasy amphibians and reptiles. Herpetol. Notes 11:659–662.
Rasolonjatovo, S.M., M.D. Scherz, A.P. Raselimanana, and M. Vences. 2018. Tadpole predation by Mantidactylus bellyi Mocquard, 1895 with brief description of the site and morphological measurements of the specimen. Herpetol. Notes 11:747–750.
Rayor, L.S. 2018. Huntsman Spider Biology: Life-History, Reproduction & Husbandry. 1–7.
Rodel, M.-O., and U. Braun. 1999. Associations between Anurans and Ants in a West African Savanna (Anura: Microhylidae, Hyperoliidae, and Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biotropica 31:178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2663971
Rosa, G.M., J. Noël, J. Sabino-Pinto, and F. Andreone. 2014. Predation on the treefrog Boophis rufioculis (Anura, Mantellidae) by the freshwater crab Hydrothelphusa sp. (Decapoda, Potamonautidae) in Madagascar. Crustaceana 87:890–894. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003331
Stefanescu, C. 2000. Bird predation on cryptic larvae and pupae of a swallowtail butterfly. Butlletí del Grup Català d’Anellament 17:39–49.
Su, S., M. Lim, and K. Kunte. 2015. Prey from the eyes of predators: Color discriminability of aposematic and mimetic butterflies from an avian visual perspective. Evolution (N. Y). 69:2985–2994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12800
Toledo, L.F. 2005. Predation of juvenile and adult anurans by invertebrates: Current knowledge and perspectives. Herpetol. Rev. 36:395–400.
Vieilledent, G., C. Grinand, F.A. Rakotomalala, R. Ranaivosoa, J.R. Rakotoarijaona, T.F. Allnutt, and F. Achard. 2018. Combining global tree cover loss data with historical national forest cover maps to look at six decades of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar. Biol. Conserv. 222:189–197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.008
Vonesh, J.R. 2005. Sequential predator effects across three life stages of the African tree frog, Hyperolius spinigularis. Oecologia 143:280–290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1806-x
Wizen, G., and A. Gasith. 2011. Predation of amphibians by carabid beetles of the genus Epomis found in the central coastal plain of Israel. Zookeys 100:181–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1526