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\begin{document}

\title{Leveraging geodetic GPS receivers for ionospheric scintillation science}



\author[1,1]{Sebastijan Mrak}%
\author[1,1]{Joshua L. Semeter}%
\author[1,1]{Yukitoshi (Toshi) Nishimura}%
\author[2,2]{Fabiano Rodrigues}%
\author[3,4]{Anthea Coster}%
\author[5,5]{Keith M. Groves}%
\affil[1]{Boston University}%
\affil[2]{UT Dallas}%
\affil[3]{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory}%
\affil[4]{Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory}%
\affil[5]{Air Force Research Laboratory}%


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  \date{May 04, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We demonstrate scintillation analysis from a network of geodetic Global
Positioning System (GPS) receivers which provide data at 1-second
resolution. We introduce proxy phase
(\$\textbackslash{}sigma\_\{TEC\}\$) and amplitude (\$SNR\_4\$)
scintillation indices and validate them against the rate of change of
TEC index (ROTI), and \$S\_4\$. Additionally, we validate scintillation
observations against a CASES scintillation receiver. We develop receiver
dependent scintillation event thresholding using hardware-dependent
noise variance. We analyze six-days adjacent to the 7-8 September 2017
geomagnetic storm, using 169 receivers covering magnetic latitudes
between 15\$\^{}\textbackslash{}circ\$ and
65\$\^{}\textbackslash{}circ\$ in the American longitude sector. We
leverage the available spatial sampling coverage to construct 2-D maps
of scintillation and present episodic evolution of scintillation
intensifications during the storm. We show that low-latitude and
high-latitude scintillation morphology match well-established
scintillation climatology patterns. At mid-latitudes, spatiotemporal
evolution of scintillation partially agrees with known scintillation
patterns. Additionally, the results reveal previously undocumented
mid-latitude scintillation producing structures. The results provide an
unprecedented view into the spatiotemporal development of
scintillation-producing plasma irregularities and provide a resource to
further exploit scintillation evolution at large spatial scales.%
\end{abstract}%



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