Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus
disease 2019 in China [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb
28]. N Engl J Med. 2020;10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140
patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China [published online
ahead of print, 2020 Feb 19]. Allergy. 2020;10.1111/all.14238.
Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of cardiac injury with
mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
[published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 25]. JAMA Cardiol.
2020;e200950.
Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and
diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?
[published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 11]. Lancet Respir Med.
2020;S2213-2600(20)30116-8.
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with
a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature.
2020;579(7798):270–273.
Ishiyama Y, Gallagher PE, Averill DB, Tallant EA, Brosnihan KB,
Ferrario CM. Upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 after
myocardial infarction by blockade of angiotensin II receptors.
Hypertension. 2004;43(5):970–976.
Ocaranza MP, Godoy I, Jalil JE, et al. Enalapril attenuates
downregulation of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the late phase of
ventricular dysfunction in myocardial infarcted rat. Hypertension.
2006;48(4):572–578.
Hristova M, Stanilova S, Miteva L. Serum concentration of
renin-angiotensin system components in association with ACE I/D
polymorphism among hypertensive subjects in response to ACE inhibitor
therapy. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2019;41(7):662–669.
Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med.
2005;11(8):875–879.
Kow CS, Zaidi STR, Hasan SS. Cardiovascular Disease and Use of
Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors in COVID-19 [published online
ahead of print, 2020 Apr 13]. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs.
2020;10.1007/s40256-020-00406-0.
Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, et al. Association of Inpatient Use of
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor
Blockers with Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized
With COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 17]. Circ
Res. 2020;10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134.
Lee H, Ahn J, Kang CK, et al. Association of angiotensin II receptor
blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on
COVID-19-related outcome. 2020. Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3569837 (21 April 2020)
Yang G, Tan Z, Zhou L, et al. Effects Of ARBs And ACEIs On Virus
Infection, Inflammatory Status And Clinical Outcomes In COVID-19
Patients With Hypertension: A Single Center Retrospective Study
[published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 29]. Hypertension.
2020;10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15143.
Meng J, Xiao G, Zhang J, et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
improve the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with hypertension.
Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):757–760.
Feng Z, Li J, Yao S, et al. The use of adjuvant therapy in preventing
progression to severe pneumonia in patients with coronavirus disease
2019: a multicenter data analysis. 2020. medRxiv 2020.04.08.20057539
Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ, et al. Clinical features and outcome of 112
cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia in cardiovascular patients
[Chinese]. Chin. J. Cardiol. 2020;48.
Chen M, Fan Y, Wu X, et al. Clinical Characteristics And Risk Factors
For Fatal Outcome in Patients With 2019-Coronavirus Infected Disease
(COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. 2020. Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3546069 (21 April 2020)
Huang Z, Cao J, Yao Y, et al. The effect of RAS blockers on the
clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with hypertension. Ann
Transl Med. 2020;8(7):430.
Zeng Z, Sha T, Zhang Y et al. Hypertension in patients hospitalized
with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a single-center retrospective
observational study. medRxiv 2020.04.06.20054825
Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zhang H, Deng A. Association of
Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in
Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019
(COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China [published online ahead of
print, 2020 Apr 23]. JAMA Cardiol.
2020;10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1624.
Liu Y, Huang F, Xu J, et al. Anti-hypertensive Angiotensin II receptor
blockers associated to mitigation of disease severity in elderly
COVID-19 patients. medRxiv 2020.03.20.20039586
Mehra MR, Desai SS, Kuy S, Henry TD, Patel AN. Cardiovascular Disease,
Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19 [published online ahead of
print, 2020 May 1]. N Engl J Med. 2020;10.1056/NEJMoa2007621.
Ip A, Parikh K, Parrillo JE, et al. Hypertension and
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with
Covid-19. medRxiv 2020.04.24.20077388
Table 1: Summary of studies examining the mortality and
critical/severe disease in ACE inhibitor/ARB exposed and unexposed
groups