Future Directions (half page) (fig3)

Many potential therapeutic treatments for ALS that reach the clinical trial stage, fail to demonstrate clinical efficacy using the ALSFRS-R scale, which quantifies respiratory and motor function.

Conclusions (10-15 lines)

Acknowledgements:

The author wishes to express her gratitude for the kind reading and discussion of the manuscript with Dr. Manoj Kumar Jaiswal.  

Conflicts of Interests:

The author declares that no competing interests exist and warrants that there are no financial or personal interests, motivations or affiliations that would potentially cause a conflict in the judgments and opinions expressed in this chapter review.  The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center or the Icahn  School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. This work is original, non-redundant and has not been duplicated or published elsewhere.

Author Contributions:

This manuscript was conceived, drafted and written exclusively by Pasha Apontes.

Abbreviations:

ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; APP, amyloid precursor protein; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; transactive response DNA-binding protein gene;  TDP-43, Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43; CTD, C-terminal domain (CTD); NTD, N-terminal domain; NLS, nuclear localization signal; fALS, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; sALS sporatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; DSB, double strand break;  RRMI and RRM2, RNA recognition motifs 1 and 2, respectively.