Methods
A single center descriptive retrospective chart review for patients age birth to 30 years old was conducted from 2011 to 2017. The records were obtained using an institution managed academic health center data shelter. This study was reviewed and approved by the University of Minnesota Institutional Review Board and the study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Inclusion criteria included patients on medication for AoD, surgical intervention for AoD, and patients who had both echocardiogram and advanced imaging (MR/CT). International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes were used to identify all patients with AoD and who were prescribed beta-blockers, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB) in addition to patients who underwent surgery for AoD. Medical records were reviewed for demographic information and clinical course. Exclusion criteria included patients with conotruncal defects, absent medication start dates, and when echocardiogram and advanced imaging was performed more than 6 months apart.