Patients
The data of a total of 1004 consecutive patients undergoing initial ablation for AF at our hospital from December 2014 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.
Exclusion criteria were age < 20 years and incomplete standard electrophysiological studies following pulmonary vein (PV) isolation.
This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent for catheter ablation and the use of data in this study was obtained from all patients, and the protocol was approved by our institutional review board (Reference number 2001030).