3.1. Patients
This observational study enrolled consecutive patients who underwent PVI
alone as an initial AF ablation procedure at Kansai Rosai Hospital
between March 2017 to November 2018. Patients in whom a voltage map was
not obtained due to unstable cardiac rhythm were excluded. Patients with
left atrial linear or area ablations were also excluded. This study
complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent for
the ablation and participation in the study was obtained from all
patients, and the protocol was approved by our institutional review
board.