References
1. Romero R, Lockwood C, Oyarzun E, Hobbins JC. Toxemia: new concepts in an old disease. Semin Perinatol . 1988;12(4):302-323.
2. MacKay AP, Berg CJ, Atrash HK. Pregnancy-related mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol . 2001;97(4):533-538. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(00)01223-0
3. von Dadelszen P, Menzies J, Magee LA. The complications of hypertension in pregnancy. Minerva Med . 2005;96(4):287-302.
4. Sibai BM. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: the United States perspective. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol . 2008;20(2):102-106. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282f73380
5. Berg CJ, Mackay AP, Qin C, Callaghan WM. Overview of maternal morbidity during hospitalization for labor and delivery in the United States: 1993-1997 and 2001-2005. Obstet Gynecol . 2009;113(5):1075-1081. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a09fc0
6. Hutcheon JA, Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. Epidemiology of pre-eclampsia and the other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol . 2011;25(4):391-403. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.01.006
7. Ghulmiyyah L, Sibai B. Maternal mortality from preeclampsia/eclampsia. Semin Perinatol . 2012;36(1):56-59. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2011.09.011
8. Lisonkova S, Sabr Y, Mayer C, Young C, Skoll A, Joseph KS. Maternal morbidity associated with early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia.Obstet Gynecol . 2014;124(4):771-781. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000472
9. Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health . 2014;2(6):e323-333. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70227-X
10. Tooher J, Thornton C, Makris A, et al. Hypertension in pregnancy and long-term cardiovascular mortality: a retrospective cohort study.Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2016;214(6):722.e1-6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.047
11. Madazli R, Yuksel MA, Imamoglu M, et al. Comparison of clinical and perinatal outcomes in early- and late-onset preeclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet . 2014;290(1):53-57. doi:10.1007/s00404-014-3176-x
12. Sharma KJ, Esakoff TF, Guillet A, Burwick RM, Caughey AB. Pregnancies complicated by both preeclampsia and growth restriction between 34 and 37 weeks’ gestation are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med . 2017;30(19):2342-2345. doi:10.1080/14767058.2016.1248394
13. van Esch JJA, van Heijst AF, de Haan AFJ, van der Heijden OWH. Early-onset preeclampsia is associated with perinatal mortality and severe neonatal morbidity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med . 2017;30(23):2789-2794. doi:10.1080/14767058.2016.1263295
14. Marins LR, Anizelli LB, Romanowski MD, Sarquis AL. How does preeclampsia affect neonates? Highlights in the disease’s immunity.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med . 2019;32(7):1205-1212. doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1401996
15. Di Renzo GC. The great obstetrical syndromes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med . 2009;22(8):633-635. doi:10.1080/14767050902866804
16. Erez O, Gotsch F, Mazaki-Tovi S, et al. Evidence of maternal platelet activation, excessive thrombin generation, and high amniotic fluid tissue factor immunoreactivity and functional activity in patients with fetal death. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med . 2009;22(8):672-687. doi:10.1080/14767050902853117
17. Dekker GA, Sibai BM. Etiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia: current concepts. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1998;179(5):1359-1375. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70160-7
18. von Dadelszen P, Magee LA, Roberts JM. Subclassification of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy . 2003;22(2):143-148. doi:10.1081/PRG-120021060
19. Vatten LJ, Skjaerven R. Is pre-eclampsia more than one disease?BJOG . 2004;111(4):298-302. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00071.x
20. Redman CW, Sargent IL. Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science . 2005;308(5728):1592-1594. doi:10.1126/science.1111726
21. Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet . 2005;365(9461):785-799. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17987-2
22. Chaiworapongsa T, Chaemsaithong P, Yeo L, Romero R. Pre-eclampsia part 1: current understanding of its pathophysiology. Nat Rev Nephrol . 2014;10(8):466-480. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2014.102
23. Burton GJ, Redman CW, Roberts JM, Moffett A. Pre-eclampsia: pathophysiology and clinical implications. BMJ . 2019;366:l2381-l2381. doi:10.1136/bmj.l2381
24. Torry DS, Wang HS, Wang TH, Caudle MR, Torry RJ. Preeclampsia is associated with reduced serum levels of placenta growth factor. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1998;179(6 Pt 1):1539-1544. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70021-3
25. Reuvekamp A, Velsing-Aarts FV, Poulina IE, Capello JJ, Duits AJ. Selective deficit of angiogenic growth factors characterises pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol . 1999;106(10):1019-1022. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08107.x
26. Tidwell SC, Ho HN, Chiu WH, Torry RJ, Torry DS. Low maternal serum levels of placenta growth factor as an antecedent of clinical preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2001;184(6):1267-1272. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.113129
27. Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, Espinoza J, et al. Evidence supporting a role for blockade of the vascular endothelial growth factor system in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Young Investigator Award. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2004;190(6):1541-1547; discussion 1547-1550. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.03.043
28. Levine RJ, Maynard SE, Qian C, et al. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med . 2004;350(7):672-683. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa031884
29. Bujold E, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. Evidence supporting that the excess of the sVEGFR-1 concentration in maternal plasma in preeclampsia has a uterine origin. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med . 2005;18(1):9-16. doi:10.1080/14767050500202493
30. Levine RJ, Thadhani R, Qian C, et al. Urinary placental growth factor and risk of preeclampsia. JAMA . 2005;293(1):77-85. doi:10.1001/jama.293.1.77
31. Maynard SE, Venkatesha S, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA. Soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Pediatr Res . 2005;57(5 Pt 2):1R-7R. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000159567.85157.B7
32. Crispi F, Domínguez C, Llurba E, Martín-Gallán P, Cabero L, Gratacós E. Placental angiogenic growth factors and uterine artery Doppler findings for characterization of different subsets in preeclampsia and in isolated intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2006;195(1):201-207. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.014
33. Levine RJ, Lam C, Qian C, et al. Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. N Engl J Med . 2006;355(10):992-1005. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055352
34. Lindheimer MD, Romero R. Emerging roles of antiangiogenic and angiogenic proteins in pathogenesis and prediction of preeclampsia.Hypertension . 2007;50(1):35-36. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089045
35. Widmer M, Villar J, Benigni A, Conde-Agudelo A, Karumanchi SA, Lindheimer M. Mapping the theories of preeclampsia and the role of angiogenic factors: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol . 2007;109(1):168-180. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000249609.04831.7c
36. Masuyama H, Segawa T, Sumida Y, et al. Different profiles of circulating angiogenic factors and adipocytokines between early- and late-onset pre-eclampsia. BJOG . 2010;117(3):314-320. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02453.x
37. Baltajian K, Bajracharya S, Salahuddin S, et al. Sequential plasma angiogenic factors levels in women with suspected preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2016;215(1):89.e1-89.e10. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.168
38. Holme AM, Roland MCP, Henriksen T, Michelsen TM. In vivo uteroplacental release of placental growth factor and soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2016;215(6):782.e1-782.e9. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.056
39. Cerdeira AS, Agrawal S, Staff AC, Redman CW, Vatish M. Angiogenic factors: potential to change clinical practice in pre-eclampsia?BJOG . 2018;125(11):1389-1395. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15042
40. Karumanchi SA. Angiogenic factors in pre-eclampsia: implications for clinical practice. BJOG . 2018;125(11):1396. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15180
41. Redman CW, Sacks GP, Sargent IL. Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1999;180(2 Pt 1):499-506. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70239-5
42. Djurovic S, Clausen T, Wergeland R, Brosstad F, Berg K, Henriksen T. Absence of enhanced systemic inflammatory response at 18 weeks of gestation in women with subsequent pre-eclampsia. BJOG . 2002;109(7):759-764. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01330.x
43. Redman CWG, Sargent IL. Immunology of pre-eclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol . 2010;63(6):534-543. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00831.x
44. Roberts JM, Taylor RN, Musci TJ, Rodgers GM, Hubel CA, McLaughlin MK. Preeclampsia: an endothelial cell disorder. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1989;161(5):1200-1204. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(89)90665-0
45. Dekker GA, van Geijn HP. Endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. Part I: Primary prevention. Therapeutic perspectives. J Perinat Med . 1996;24(2):99-117. doi:10.1515/jpme.1996.24.2.99
46. Wolf M, Sandler L, Muñoz K, Hsu K, Ecker JL, Thadhani R. First trimester insulin resistance and subsequent preeclampsia: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2002;87(4):1563-1568. doi:10.1210/jcem.87.4.8405
47. Berkowitz KM. Insulin resistance and preeclampsia. Clin Perinatol . 1998;25(4):873-885.
48. Parretti E, Lapolla A, Dalfrà M, et al. Preeclampsia in lean normotensive normotolerant pregnant women can be predicted by simple insulin sensitivity indexes. Hypertension . 2006;47(3):449-453. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000205122.47333.7f
49. Mastrogiannis DS, Spiliopoulos M, Mulla W, Homko CJ. Insulin resistance: the possible link between gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Curr Diab Rep . 2009;9(4):296-302. doi:10.1007/s11892-009-0046-1
50. Scioscia M, Gumaa K, Rademacher TW. The link between insulin resistance and preeclampsia: new perspectives. J Reprod Immunol . 2009;82(2):100-105. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2009.04.009
51. Anim-Nyame N, Gamble J, Sooranna SR, Johnson MR, Steer PJ. Relationship between insulin resistance and tissue blood flow in preeclampsia. J Hypertens . 2015;33(5):1057-1063. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000494
52. Robertson WB, Brosens I, Dixon G. Maternal uterine vascular lesions in the hypertensive complications of pregnancy. Perspect Nephrol Hypertens . 1976;5:115-127.
53. Salafia CM, Pezzullo JC, López-Zeno JA, Simmens S, Minior VK, Vintzileos AM. Placental pathologic features of preterm preeclampsia.Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1995;173(4):1097-1105. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)91333-5
54. Egbor M, Ansari T, Morris N, Green CJ, Sibbons PD. Morphometric placental villous and vascular abnormalities in early- and late-onset pre-eclampsia with and without fetal growth restriction. BJOG . 2006;113(5):580-589. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00882.x
55. Silasi M, Cohen B, Karumanchi SA, Rana S. Abnormal placentation, angiogenic factors, and the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am . 2010;37(2):239-253. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2010.02.013
56. Brosens I, Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, Romero R. The “Great Obstetrical Syndromes” are associated with disorders of deep placentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2011;204(3):193-201. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.08.009
57. Khong Y, Brosens I. Defective deep placentation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol . 2011;25(3):301-311. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.012
58. Brosens I, Puttemans P, Benagiano G. Placental bed research: I. The placental bed: from spiral arteries remodeling to the great obstetrical syndromes. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2019;221(5):437-456. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.05.044
59. Granger JP, Alexander BT, Llinas MT, Bennett WA, Khalil RA. Pathophysiology of preeclampsia: linking placental ischemia/hypoxia with microvascular dysfunction. Microcirculation . 2002;9(3):147-160. doi:10.1038/sj.mn.7800137
60. Gilbert JS, Gilbert SAB, Arany M, Granger JP. Hypertension produced by placental ischemia in pregnant rats is associated with increased soluble endoglin expression. Hypertension . 2009;53(2):399-403. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.123513
61. Makris A, Yeung KR, Lim SM, et al. Placental Growth Factor Reduces Blood Pressure in a Uteroplacental Ischemia Model of Preeclampsia in Nonhuman Primates. Hypertension . 2016;67(6):1263-1272. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07286
62. Brosens IA, Robertson WB, Dixon HG. The role of the spiral arteries in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. J Pathol . 1970;101(4). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5504740.
63. Brosens IA, Robertson WB, Dixon HG. The role of the spiral arteries in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Annu . 1972;1:177-191.
64. Pijnenborg R, Anthony J, Davey DA, et al. Placental bed spiral arteries in the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol . 1991;98(7):648-655. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1991.tb13450.x
65. Meekins JW, Pijnenborg R, Hanssens M, McFadyen IR, van Asshe A. A study of placental bed spiral arteries and trophoblast invasion in normal and severe pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol . 1994;101(8):669-674. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13182.x
66. Hutchinson ES, Brownbill P, Jones NW, et al. Utero-placental haemodynamics in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Placenta . 2009;30(7):634-641. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2009.04.011
67. Steegers EAP, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet . 2010;376(9741):631-644. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60279-6
68. Powe CE, Levine RJ, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia, a disease of the maternal endothelium: the role of antiangiogenic factors and implications for later cardiovascular disease. Circulation . 2011;123(24):2856-2869. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.853127
69. Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L, Hanssens M, Brosens I. Endovascular trophoblast and preeclampsia: A reassessment. Pregnancy Hypertens . 2011;1(1):66-71. doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2010.10.010
70. Germain SJ, Sacks GP, Sooranna SR, Sargent IL, Redman CW. Systemic inflammatory priming in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia: the role of circulating syncytiotrophoblast microparticles. J Immunol . 2007;178(9):5949-5956. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5949
71. Redman CWG, Sargent IL. Circulating microparticles in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Placenta . 2008;29 Suppl A:S73-S77. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2007.11.016
72. van der Post JAM, Lok CAR, Boer K, Sturk A, Sargent IL, Nieuwland R. The functions of microparticles in pre-eclampsia. Semin Thromb Hemost . 2011;37(2):146-152. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1270342
73. Lok CAR, Van der Post JAM, Sturk A, Sargent IL, Nieuwland R. The functions of microparticles in preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens . 2011;1(1):59-65. doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2010.10.006
74. Fisher SJ. Why is placentation abnormal in preeclampsia? Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2015;213(4 Suppl):S115-122. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.042
75. Salomon C, Rice GE. Role of Exosomes in Placental Homeostasis and Pregnancy Disorders. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci . 2017;145:163-179. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.006
76. Mol BWJ, Roberts CT, Thangaratinam S, Magee LA, de Groot CJM, Hofmeyr GJ. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet . 2016;387(10022):999-1011. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00070-7
77. Poon LC, Nicolaides KH. First-trimester maternal factors and biomarker screening for preeclampsia. Prenat Diagn . 2014;34(7):618-627. doi:10.1002/pd.4397
78. Committee Opinion No. 638: First-Trimester Risk Assessment for Early-Onset Preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol . 2015;126(3):e25-27. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001049
79. Roberge S, Nicolaides KH, Demers S, Villa P, Bujold E. Prevention of perinatal death and adverse perinatal outcome using low-dose aspirin: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2013;41(5):491-499. doi:10.1002/uog.12421
80. Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LC, et al. Aspirin versus Placebo in Pregnancies at High Risk for Preterm Preeclampsia. N Engl J Med . 2017;377(7):613-622. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1704559
81. Roberge S, Bujold E, Nicolaides KH. Aspirin for the prevention of preterm and term preeclampsia: systematic review and metaanalysis.Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2018;218(3):287-293.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.561
82. Duley L, Meher S, Hunter KE, Seidler AL, Askie LM. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications.Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2019;2019(10). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004659.pub3
83. Pedrosa AC, Matias A. Screening for pre-eclampsia: a systematic review of tests combining uterine artery Doppler with other markers.J Perinat Med . 2011;39(6):619-635. doi:10.1515/JPM.2011.077
84. Brunelli VB, Prefumo F. Quality of first trimester risk prediction models for pre-eclampsia: a systematic review. BJOG . 2015;122(7):904-914. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13334
85. Rana S, Karumanchi SA, Lindheimer MD. Angiogenic factors in diagnosis, management, and research in preeclampsia.Hypertension . 2014;63(2):198-202. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02293
86. Widmer M, Cuesta C, Khan KS, et al. Accuracy of angiogenic biomarkers at ⩽20weeks’ gestation in predicting the risk of pre-eclampsia: A WHO multicentre study. Pregnancy Hypertens . 2015;5(4):330-338. doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2015.09.004
87. Duckworth S, Griffin M, Seed PT, et al. Diagnostic Biomarkers in Women With Suspected Preeclampsia in a Prospective Multicenter Study.Obstet Gynecol . 2016;128(2):245-252. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001508
88. Magee LA, Helewa M, Rey E, HYPERTENSION GUIDELINE COMMITTEE, STRATEGIC TRAINING INITIATIVE IN RESEARCH IN THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SCIENCES (STIRRHS) SCHOLARS. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can . 2008;30(3 Suppl):S1-S2. doi:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32776-1
89. National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). Hypertension in Pregnancy: The Management of Hypertensive Disorders During Pregnancy . London: RCOG Press; 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK62652/.
90. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol . 2013;122(5):1122-1131. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88
91. Magee LA, Pels A, Helewa M, Rey E, von Dadelszen P, Canadian Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy (HDP) Working Group. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Pregnancy Hypertens . 2014;4(2):105-145. doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2014.01.003
92. Lowe SA, Bowyer L, Lust K, et al. The SOMANZ Guidelines for the Management of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy 2014. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol . 2015;55(1):11-16. doi:10.1111/ajo.12253
93. US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Screening for Preeclampsia: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA . 2017;317(16):1661-1667. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.3439
94. Wertaschnigg D, Reddy M, Mol BWJ, Rolnik DL, da Silva Costa F. Prenatal screening for pre-eclampsia: Frequently asked questions.Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol . 2019;59(4):477-483. doi:10.1111/ajo.12982
95. Ebersole JL, Nagarajan R, Akers D, Miller CS. Targeted salivary biomarkers for discrimination of periodontal health and disease(s).Front Cell Infect Microbiol . 2015;5:62. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2015.00062
96. Barros SP, Williams R, Offenbacher S, Morelli T. Gingival crevicular fluid as a source of biomarkers for periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 . 2016;70(1):53-64. doi:10.1111/prd.12107
97. Wassall RR, Preshaw PM. Clinical and technical considerations in the analysis of gingival crevicular fluid. Periodontol 2000 . 2016;70(1):65-79. doi:10.1111/prd.12109
98. Taylor JJ, Preshaw PM. Gingival crevicular fluid and saliva.Periodontol 2000 . 2016;70(1):7-10. doi:10.1111/prd.12118
99. Chaparro A, Gaedechens D, Ramírez V, et al. Placental biomarkers and angiogenic factors in oral fluids of patients with preeclampsia.Prenat Diagn . 2016;36(5):476-482. doi:10.1002/pd.4811
100. Chaparro A, Zúñiga E, Varas-Godoy M, et al. Periodontitis and placental growth factor in oral fluids are early pregnancy predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Periodontol . 2018;89(9):1052-1060. doi:10.1002/JPER.17-0497
101. Rajagambeeram R, Abu Raghavan S, Ghosh S, Basu S, Ramasamy R, Murugaiyan SB. Diagnostic utility of heat stable alkaline phosphatase in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Clin Diagn Res . 2014;8(11):CC10-13. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/10895.5084
102. Pillay P, Maharaj N, Moodley J, Mackraj I. Placental exosomes and pre-eclampsia: Maternal circulating levels in normal pregnancies and, early and late onset pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Placenta . 2016;46:18-25. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.08.078
103. Moss DW. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Clin Chem . 1982;28(10):2007-2016.
104. Griffiths J, Black J. Separation and identification of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and isoforms in serum of healthy persons by isoelectric focusing. Clin Chem . 1987;33(12):2171-2177.
105. Adam S, Elfeky O, Kinhal V, et al. Review: Fetal-maternal communication via extracellular vesicles - Implications for complications of pregnancies. Placenta . 2017;54:83-88. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.001
106. Bashiri A, Katz O, Maor E, Sheiner E, Pack I, Mazor M. Positive placental staining for alkaline phosphatase corresponding with extreme elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase during pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet . 2007;275(3):211-214. doi:10.1007/s00404-006-0212-5
107. She QB, Mukherjee JJ, Huang JS, Crilly KS, Kiss Z. Growth factor-like effects of placental alkaline phosphatase in human fetus and mouse embryo fibroblasts. FEBS Lett . 2000;469(2-3):163-167. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01273-4
108. Kunnen A, Blaauw J, van Doormaal JJ, et al. Women with a recent history of early-onset pre-eclampsia have a worse periodontal condition.J Clin Periodontol . 2007;34(3):202-207. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.01036.x
109. Conde-Agudelo A, Villar J, Lindheimer M. Maternal infection and risk of preeclampsia: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2008;198(1):7-22. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.07.040
110. Siqueira FM, Cota LOM, Costa JE, Haddad JPA, Lana AMQ, Costa FO. Maternal periodontitis as a potential risk variable for preeclampsia: a case-control study. J Periodontol . 2008;79(2):207-215. doi:10.1902/jop.2008.070174
111. Huang X, Wang J, Liu J, et al. Maternal periodontal disease and risk of preeclampsia: a meta-analysis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci . 2014;34(5):729-735. doi:10.1007/s11596-014-1343-8
112. Daalderop LA, Wieland BV, Tomsin K, et al. Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy Outcomes: Overview of Systematic Reviews. JDR Clin Trans Res . 2018;3(1):10-27. doi:10.1177/2380084417731097
113. Barak S, Oettinger-Barak O, Machtei EE, Sprecher H, Ohel G. Evidence of periopathogenic microorganisms in placentas of women with preeclampsia. J Periodontol . 2007;78(4):670-676. doi:10.1902/jop.2007.060362
114. Swati P, Ambika Devi K, Thomas B, Vahab SA, Kapaettu S, Kushtagi P. Simultaneous detection of periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque and placenta of women with hypertension in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet . 2012;285(3):613-619. doi:10.1007/s00404-011-2012-9
115. Chaparro A, Blanlot C, Ramírez V, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and toll-like receptor 2 are associated with hypertensive disorders in placental tissue: a case-control study.J Periodont Res . 2013;48(6):802-809. doi:10.1111/jre.12074
116. Chapple ILC, Mealey BL, Van Dyke TE, et al. Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol . 2018;89 Suppl 1:S74-S84. doi:10.1002/JPER.17-0719
117. Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, et al. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol . 2018;89 Suppl 1:S173-S182. doi:10.1002/JPER.17-0721
118. Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, et al. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Clin Periodontol . 2018;45 Suppl 20:S1-S8. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12935
119. Hernández M, Martínez B, Tejerina JM, Valenzuela MA, Gamonal J. MMP-13 and TIMP-1 determinations in progressive chronic periodontitis.J Clin Periodontol . 2007;34(9):729-735. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01107.x
120. Khader YS, Jibreal M, Al-Omiri M, Amarin Z. Lack of association between periodontal parameters and preeclampsia. J Periodontol . 2006;77(10):1681-1687. doi:10.1902/jop.2006.050463
121. Armitage GC. Bi-directional relationship between pregnancy and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 . 2013;61(1):160-176. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00396.x
122. Castaldi JL., Berin MS., Gimenez F., Lede R. Periodontal disease: is it a risk factor for premature labor, low birth weight or preeclampsia? Rev Panam Salud Publica . 2006;19:253–258.
123. Wu M, Chen S-W, Jiang S-Y. Relationship between gingival inflammation and pregnancy. Mediators Inflamm . 2015;2015:623427. doi:10.1155/2015/623427
124. Silva de Araujo Figueiredo C, Gonçalves Carvalho Rosalem C, Costa Cantanhede AL, Abreu Fonseca Thomaz ÉB, Fontoura Nogueira da Cruz MC. Systemic alterations and their oral manifestations in pregnant women.J Obstet Gynaecol Res . 2017;43(1):16-22. doi:10.1111/jog.13150
125. Martelli ML, Brandi ML, Martelli M, Nobili P, Medico E, Martelli F. Periodontal disease and women’s health. Curr Med Res Opin . 2017;33(6):1005-1015. doi:10.1080/03007995.2017.1297928
126. Mangal A., Shrivastava P., Gaur U., Jain A., Goyal U., Rath G. Histochemical Analysis of Placental Alkaline Phosphatase in Hypertensive Disorders complicating Pregnancy. Journal of the Anatomical Society of India . 2005;54 (2):2005-2012.
127. Mangal A., Gaur U., Jain A., Goyal U., Tripathi R., Rath R. Alkaline phosphatase and placental alkaline phosphatase activity in serum of normal and pregnancy induced hypertensive mothers.JIMSA . 2007;20 (2):117-120.
128. Conde-Agudelo A, Villar J, Lindheimer M. World Health Organization systematic review of screening tests for preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol . 2004;104(6):1367-1391. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000147599.47713.5d
129. Townsend R, Khalil A, Premakumar Y, et al. Prediction of pre-eclampsia: review of reviews. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2019;54(1):16-27. doi:10.1002/uog.20117
130. Poon LCY, Kametas NA, Chelemen T, Leal A, Nicolaides KH. Maternal risk factors for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: a multivariate approach. J Hum Hypertens . 2010;24(2):104-110. doi:10.1038/jhh.2009.45
131. O’Gorman N, Wright D, Poon LC, et al. Multicenter screening for pre-eclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11-13 weeks’ gestation: comparison with NICE guidelines and ACOG recommendations.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2017;49(6):756-760. doi:10.1002/uog.17455
132. Tan MY, Wright D, Syngelaki A, et al. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of early screening for pre-eclampsia by NICE guidelines and a method combining maternal factors and biomarkers: results of SPREE.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2018;51(6):743-750. doi:10.1002/uog.19039
133. Poon LC, Rolnik DL, Tan MY, et al. ASPRE trial: incidence of preterm pre-eclampsia in patients fulfilling ACOG and NICE criteria according to risk by FMF algorithm. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2018;51(6):738-742. doi:10.1002/uog.19019
134. Martin AM, Bindra R, Curcio P, Cicero S, Nicolaides KH. Screening for pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction by uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2001;18(6):583-586. doi:10.1046/j.0960-7692.2001.00594.x
135. Schuchter K, Metzenbauer M, Hafner E, Philipp K. Uterine artery Doppler and placental volume in the first trimester in the prediction of pregnancy complications. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2001;18(6):590-592. doi:10.1046/j.0960-7692.2001.00596.x
136. Carbillon L, Uzan M, Largillière C, et al. Prospective evaluation of uterine artery flow velocity waveforms at 12-14 and 22-24 weeks of gestation in relation to pregnancy outcome and birth weight. Fetal Diagn Ther . 2004;19(4):381-384. doi:10.1159/000077971
137. Prefumo F, Sebire NJ, Thilaganathan B. Decreased endovascular trophoblast invasion in first trimester pregnancies with high-resistance uterine artery Doppler indices. Hum Reprod . 2004;19(1):206-209. doi:10.1093/humrep/deh037
138. Gómez O, Martínez JM, Figueras F, et al. Uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks of gestation to screen for hypertensive disorders and associated complications in an unselected population. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2005;26(5):490-494. doi:10.1002/uog.1976
139. Parra M, Rodrigo R, Barja P, et al. Screening test for preeclampsia through assessment of uteroplacental blood flow and biochemical markers of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2005;193(4):1486-1491. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.02.109
140. Vainio M, Kujansuu E, Koivisto A-M, Mäenpää J. Bilateral notching of uterine arteries at 12–14 weeks of gestation for prediction of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand . 2005;84(11):1062-1067. doi:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00889.x
141. Gómez O, Figueras F, Martínez JM, et al. Sequential changes in uterine artery blood flow pattern between the first and second trimesters of gestation in relation to pregnancy outcome.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2006;28(6):802-808. doi:10.1002/uog.2814
142. Pilalis A, Souka AP, Antsaklis P, et al. Screening for pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age fetuses at the 11-14 weeks scan by uterine artery Dopplers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand . 2007;86(5):530-534. doi:10.1080/00016340601155056
143. Plasencia W, Maiz N, Bonino S, Kaihura C, Nicolaides KH. Uterine artery Doppler at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks in the prediction of pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2007;30(5):742-749. doi:10.1002/uog.5157
144. Fratelli N, Rampello S, Guala M, Platto C, Frusca T. Transabdominal uterine artery Doppler between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation for the prediction of outcome in high-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med . 2008;21(6):403-406. doi:10.1080/14767050802053073
145. Onwudiwe N, Yu CKH, Poon LCY, Spiliopoulos I, Nicolaides KH. Prediction of pre-eclampsia by a combination of maternal history, uterine artery Doppler and mean arterial pressure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2008;32(7):877-883. doi:10.1002/uog.6124
146. Melchiorre K, Wormald B, Leslie K, Bhide A, Thilaganathan B. First-trimester uterine artery Doppler indices in term and preterm pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2008;32(2):133-137. doi:10.1002/uog.5400
147. Plasencia W, Maiz N, Poon L, Yu C, Nicolaides KH. Uterine artery Doppler at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks and 21 + 0 to 24 + 6 weeks in the prediction of pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2008;32(2):138-146. doi:10.1002/uog.5402
148. Rizzo G, Capponi A, Cavicchioni O, Vendola M, Arduini D. First trimester uterine Doppler and three-dimensional ultrasound placental volume calculation in predicting pre-eclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol . 2008;138(2):147-151. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2007.08.015
149. Poon LCY, Staboulidou I, Maiz N, Plasencia W, Nicolaides KH. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: screening by uterine artery Doppler at 11-13 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2009;34(2):142-148. doi:10.1002/uog.6452
150. Akolekar R, Syngelaki A, Sarquis R, Zvanca M, Nicolaides KH. Prediction of early, intermediate and late pre-eclampsia from maternal factors, biophysical and biochemical markers at 11-13 weeks.Prenat Diagn . 2011;31(1):66-74. doi:10.1002/pd.2660
151. Caradeux J, Serra R, Nien J-K, et al. First trimester prediction of early onset preeclampsia using demographic, clinical, and sonographic data: a cohort study. Prenat Diagn . 2013;33(8):732-736. doi:10.1002/pd.4113
152. Velauthar L, Plana MN, Kalidindi M, et al. First-trimester uterine artery Doppler and adverse pregnancy outcome: a meta-analysis involving 55,974 women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2014;43(5):500-507. doi:10.1002/uog.13275
153. Poon LCY, Kametas NA, Maiz N, Akolekar R, Nicolaides KH. First-trimester prediction of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.Hypertension . 2009;53(5):812-818. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.127977
154. Poon LCY, Stratieva V, Piras S, Piri S, Nicolaides KH. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: combined screening by uterine artery Doppler, blood pressure and serum PAPP-A at 11-13 weeks. Prenat Diagn . 2010;30(3):216-223. doi:10.1002/pd.2440
155. Seed PT, Chappell LC, Black MA, et al. Prediction of preeclampsia and delivery of small for gestational age babies based on a combination of clinical risk factors in high-risk women. Hypertens Pregnancy . 2011;30(1):58-73. doi:10.3109/10641955.2010.486460
156. Wright D, Akolekar R, Syngelaki A, Poon LCY, Nicolaides KH. A competing risks model in early screening for preeclampsia. Fetal Diagn Ther . 2012;32(3):171-178. doi:10.1159/000338470
157. Akolekar R, Syngelaki A, Poon L, Wright D, Nicolaides KH. Competing risks model in early screening for preeclampsia by biophysical and biochemical markers. Fetal Diagn Ther . 2013;33(1):8-15. doi:10.1159/000341264
158. Parra-Cordero M, Rodrigo R, Barja P, et al. Prediction of early and late pre-eclampsia from maternal characteristics, uterine artery Doppler and markers of vasculogenesis during first trimester of pregnancy.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2013;41(5):538-544. doi:10.1002/uog.12264
159. Scazzocchio E, Figueras F, Crispi F, et al. Performance of a first-trimester screening of preeclampsia in a routine care low-risk setting. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2013;208(3):203.e1-203.e10. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.016
160. Crovetto F, Figueras F, Triunfo S, et al. Added value of angiogenic factors for the prediction of early and late preeclampsia in the first trimester of pregnancy. Fetal Diagn Ther . 2014;35(4):258-266. doi:10.1159/000358302
161. Kenny LC, Black MA, Poston L, et al. Early pregnancy prediction of preeclampsia in nulliparous women, combining clinical risk and biomarkers: the Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE) international cohort study. Hypertension . 2014;64(3):644-652. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03578
162. Wright D, Syngelaki A, Akolekar R, Poon LC, Nicolaides KH. Competing risks model in screening for preeclampsia by maternal characteristics and medical history. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2015;213(1):62.e1-62.e10. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.02.018
163. O’Gorman N, Wright D, Syngelaki A, et al. Competing risks model in screening for preeclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11-13 weeks gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2016;214(1):103.e1-103.e12. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.034
164. O’Gorman N, Wright D, Poon LC, et al. Accuracy of competing-risks model in screening for pre-eclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11-13 weeks’ gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2017;49(6):751-755. doi:10.1002/uog.17399
165. Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LCY, et al. ASPRE trial: performance of screening for preterm pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2017;50(4):492-495. doi:10.1002/uog.18816
166. Chaemsaithong P, Pooh RK, Zheng M, et al. Prospective evaluation of screening performance of first-trimester prediction models for preterm preeclampsia in an Asian population. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2019;221(6):650.e1-650.e16. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.041
167. Wright D, Wright A, Nicolaides KH. THE COMPETING RISK APPROACH FOR PREDICTION OF PREECLAMPSIA. Am J Obstet Gynecol . November 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.11.1247
168. Askie LM, Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Stewart LA, PARIS Collaborative Group. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data.Lancet . 2007;369(9575):1791-1798. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60712-0
169. Bujold E, Roberge S, Lacasse Y, et al. Prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction with aspirin started in early pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol . 2010;116(2 Pt 1):402-414. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181e9322a
170. Roberge S, Villa P, Nicolaides K, et al. Early administration of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preterm and term preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fetal Diagn Ther . 2012;31(3):141-146. doi:10.1159/000336662
171. Xu T, Zhou F, Deng C, Huang G, Li J, Wang X. Low-Dose Aspirin for Preventing Preeclampsia and Its Complications: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) . 2015;17(7):567-573. doi:10.1111/jch.12541
172. Meher S, Duley L, Hunter K, Askie L. Antiplatelet therapy before or after 16 weeks’ gestation for preventing preeclampsia: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2017;216(2):121-128.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.10.016
173. Roberge S, Nicolaides K, Demers S, Hyett J, Chaillet N, Bujold E. The role of aspirin dose on the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2017;216(2):110-120.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.09.076
174. Bakhti A, Vaiman D. Prevention of gravidic endothelial hypertension by aspirin treatment administered from the 8th week of gestation.Hypertens Res . 2011;34(10):1116-1120. doi:10.1038/hr.2011.111
175. Villa PM, Kajantie E, Räikkönen K, et al. Aspirin in the prevention of pre-eclampsia in high-risk women: a randomised placebo-controlled PREDO Trial and a meta-analysis of randomised trials. BJOG . 2013;120(1):64-74. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03493.x
176. Scazzocchio E, Oros D, Diaz D, et al. Impact of aspirin on trophoblastic invasion in women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks: a randomized controlled study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2017;49(4):435-441. doi:10.1002/uog.17351
177. Stanescu A-D, Banica R, Sima R-M, Ples L. Low dose aspirin for preventing fetal growth restriction: a randomised trial. J Perinat Med . 2018;46(7):776-779. doi:10.1515/jpm-2017-0184