To inform fecundity values we follow \citet{Garcia_Heras_2016} who observed that 31% of 223 monitored Black Harrier nests failed to produce any offspring and that the average number of chicks produced by a nest was 1.65 (n = 222). The maximum number of offspring observed was four. The same study showed that Black Harrier fecundity was dependent on rainfall and therefore, we incorporated accumulated rainfall for the year as a covariate for fecundity, such that: