3.5. Pulmonary Immune Response
Figure 5 shows the humoral pulmonary immune response between non-asthmatic and asthmatic children, which has been evaluated in the breath condensate (BC). There was an increase in the levels of pulmonary GM-CSF (Figure 5A; p<0.0001); TGF-beta (Figure 5B; p<0.0001) and IL-5 (Figure 5D; p<0.02) in asthmatic compared to non-asthmatic children, while no differences were found for IL-4 (Figure 5C; p>0.05) and TSLP (Figure 5E; p>0.05).