Lifestyle-shift experiments
To evaluate the effects of lifestyle shifts, the fecal samples of giant
pandas only bamboo fed were collected during two months before
wild-training II and reintroduction, and finally one year after
reintroduction to the wild. Fecal samples from wild-training II and
reintroduced individuals were collected from their corresponding giant
pandas with GPS collar tracking. Feces were also collected from wild
giant pandas as controls. A total of 61 fecal samples were recovered
from the experimental individuals for sequence analysis. Following
quality control, 49 fecal samples were successfully subjected to 16S
rRNA gene sequencing and 35 samples to fungal ITS sequencing. The
lifestyle-shifts comprised three stages including the wild-training I
(16S rRNA sequencing n=17; ITS sequencing n=12), wild-training II (16S
rRNA sequencing n=16; ITS sequencing n=13), and reintroduced (16S rRNA
sequencing n=16; ITS sequencing n=10) individuals. An additional 15 and
12 fecal samples were collected from wild giant pandas for 16S rRNA gene
and ITS high-throughput sequencing, respectively. According to the
learning status of wild-training II giant panda, G1 and G2 were chosen
for reintroduction. Detailed information for samples is provided in
Supplementary Table S3.