Skin model Advantages Limitations
Silicone model membranes
Reproducibility Low cost Prolonged storage stability Non-lipid-based Low resemblance to SC Non-biological origin Lack of skin appendages
PAMPA
Reproducibility Low cost Prolonged storage stability Synthetic lipids/non-lipid-based Lipid organization not characterized Low resemblance to SC Non-biological origin Lack of skin appendages
PVPA
Reproducibility Lipid composition easily modified Relatively low cost Storage Lipid organization not characterized Non-biological origin Lack of skin appendages
Cell-based models
Use of human cell cultures Similarity with cellular composition of human skin Permeability similar to human skin High cost Lack of skin appendages