QTL mapping
As proposed for additive, dominant and epistatic QTL mapping in biparental populations (Li et al., 2015), we employed inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) for QTL detection, using IciMapping V4.1 (http://www.isbre eding .net/). A LOD score of 2.5 was used as significance of QTL detection. Permutations were set to 1000 at asignificance level of 0.05. The inclusive composite interval mapping addition (ICIM-ADD) method was selected for QTL mapping (Li et al., 2007).