Molecular diversity
We analyzed the mitochondrial COI (1224 bp), COII (663 bp), and Cytb (839 bp) genes for a specimen from each of 145 ant colonies. We identified 37 (COI), 25 (COII), and 26 (Cytb) unique haplotypes (Table S2). Overall molecular diversity indices for eight regions and for each gene are shown in Table 2 (COI) and Table S3 (COII and Cytb). Both nucleotide diversity (π) and haplotype diversity (h ) decreased in the order COI, Cytb, and COII, and were highest in region F (Jeju island).