Enzyme-Linked Assays of Metabolites
Enzymatic assays were carried out on extracts from fully expanded leaves as described previously (Dyson et al. , 2016). Starch, sucrose and glucose, and malate were measured using total starch (Method E), sucrose D-glucose, and l-malic acid assay kits (Megazyme), respectively. To measure fumarate, the malate kit was modified to include an extra independent reaction step using 2 units fumarate hydratase enzyme (Sigma). Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance, followed by Tukey post-hoc tests, in SPSS (IBM).