Figure captions
Figure 1. Principle of MACC and comparison with classic cooling
crystallizations. (a) Schematic diagram of the ideal MACC process; (b)
Micro force field model of surface induced nucleation and self-seeding
process (c) Comparison of the different force acting on the crystal with
different size; (d) Heat transfer model of membrane module in MACC; (e)
cooling crystallization with artifical seeding; (f) cooling
crystallization with spontaneous nucleation.
Figure 2. SEM for the microstructure of PTFE membrane (a-f) and
PES membrane (g-l).
Figure 3. Experimental setup of MACC (left), the temperature
route for membrane induced nucleation and growth in crystallizer
(right).
Figure 4. On-line observation of crystal growth and
self-detachment on the membrane surface.
Figure 5. (a) Measured thermal conductivity and (b) XRD of PTFE
and PES membrane.
Figure 6. AFM (2D and3D) images of the surface roughness of the
PTFE membrane (a, b) and PES membrane (c, d).
Figure 7. Contact angles of pure water and different thiourea
aqueous solution on PTFE and PES hollow fiber membrane.
Figure 8. The nucleation induction period of thiourea in PFTE
and PES membrane module with different package density. (membrane module
type: (a) PTFE-1, (b) PTFE-2, (c) PTFE-3; (d) PES-1, (e) PES-2, (f)
PES-3; number in the figure: package density of corresponding membrane
module)
Figure 9. Comparison of solution temperature fluctuation in the
crystallizer during nucleation period (PTFE MACC, PES MACC, seed CC with
different seed amount and common CC with different cooling rate were
listed).
Figure 10. Comparison of crystal size distribution under
different MACC and conventional cooling crystallization at different
crystallization period. (a) 5 min after the initial nucleation (or
seeding); (b)10 min after the initial nucleation (or seeding); (c)
terminal products.
Figure 11. On line images of crystal nucleation, growth
procedure in 10 L crystallizer and the terminal crystal products of
different MACC and conventional cooling crystallization (with seed and
no seed).