† yellow circle: mating system, green circle: growth form, brown circle: seed dispersal mode, red circle: pollination mode, blue circle: latitudinal region.

‡ mean sample size: natural logarithm of the mean sample size of individuals per population.

§ distance: natural logarithm of the maximum distance between populations.

Table 2 Details of model 7, the most inclusive phylogenetic model with factors of interest. Variables in bold indicate the reference level for each categorical factor. N indicates the sample size of each group without phylogenetic correction. Significant P values are in bold.