ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Peter Arcese, Ben Freeman, and members of Pacific Spirit Lounge Society at University of British Columbia (UBC) for their thoughtful feedback on previous versions of the manuscript. We also thank Umesh Srinivasan for helping locate studies of avian survival throughout the world. Financial support was provided by UBC to M. N. Scholer and by through NSERC Discovery Grant F11-05365 to J. E. Jankowski.