REFERENCES
Adriaenssens, B. & Johnsson, J.I. (2011). Shy trout grow faster:
exploring links between personality and fitness-related traits in the
wild. Behav. Ecol. , 22, 135–143.
Alfonso, S., Sadoul, B., Gesto, M., Joassard, L., Chatain, B., Geffroy,
B., et al. (2019). Coping styles in European sea bass: The link
between boldness, stress response and neurogenesis. Physiol.
Behav. , 207, 76–85.
Arlinghaus, R., Laskowski, K.L., Alós, J., Klefoth, T., Monk, C.T.,
Nakayama, S., et al. (2017). Passive gear‐induced timidity
syndrome in wild fish populations and its potential ecological and
managerial implications. Fish Fish. , 18, 360–373.
Armenta, T.C., Cole, S.W., Geschwind, D.H., Blumstein, D.T. & Wayne,
R.K. (2018). Gene expression shifts in yellow-bellied marmots prior to
natal dispersal. Behav. Ecol. , 30, 267–277.
Arroyo, B., Mougeot, F. & Bretagnolle, V. (2017). Individual variation
in behavioural responsiveness to humans leads to differences in breeding
success and long‐term population phenotypic changes. Ecol. Lett. ,
20, 317–325.
Atwell, J.W., Cardoso, G.C., Whittaker, D.J., Campbell-Nelson, S.,
Robertson, K.W. & Ketterson, E.D. (2012). Boldness behavior and stress
physiology in a novel urban environment suggest rapid correlated
evolutionary adaptation. Behav. Ecol. Off. J. Int. Soc. Behav.
Ecol. , 23, 960–969.
Audet, J.-N., Ducatez, S. & Lefebvre, L. (2015). The town bird and the
country bird: problem solving and immunocompetence vary with
urbanization. Behav. Ecol. , arv201.
van Baaren, J. & Candolin, U. (2018). Plasticity in a changing world:
behavioural responses to human perturbations. Curr. Opin. Insect
Sci. , Pests and resistance * Behavioural ecology, 27, 21–25.
Baker, M.R. & Wong, R.Y. (2019). Contextual fear learning and memory
differ between stress coping styles in zebrafish. Sci. Rep. , 9,
9935.
Beever, E.A., Hall, L.E., Varner, J., Loosen, A.E., Dunham, J.B., Gahl,
M.K., et al. (2017). Behavioral flexibility as a mechanism for
coping with climate change. Front. Ecol. Environ. , 15, 299–308.
Belgrad, B.A. & Griffen, B.D. (2018). Personality interacts with
habitat quality to govern individual mortality and dispersal patterns.Ecol. Evol. , 8, 7216–7227.
Bell, A.M. (2007). Future directions in behavioural syndromes research.Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. , 274, 755–761.
Benhaïm, D., Akian, D.D., Ramos, M., Ferrari, S., Yao, K. & Bégout,
M.-L. (2017). Self-feeding behaviour and personality traits in tilapia:
a comparative study between Oreochromis niloticus and Sarotherodon
melanotheron. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. , 187, 85–92.
Benus, R.F., Bohus, B., Koolhaas, J.M. & Oortmerssen, G.A. van. (1991).
Heritable variation for aggression as a reflection of individual coping
strategies. Experientia , 47, 1008–1019.
Berger, J. (2007). Fear, human shields and the redistribution of prey
and predators in protected areas. Biol. Lett. , 3, 620–623.
Betts, M.G., Hadley, A.S. & Kress, W.J. (2015). Pollinator recognition
by a keystone tropical plant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 112,
3433–3438.
Biro, P.A., Abrahams, M.V., Post, J.R. & Parkinson, E.A. (2004).
Predators select against high growth rates and risk–taking behaviour in
domestic trout populations. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. ,
271, 2233–2237.
Biro, P.A. & Dingemanse, N.J. (2009). Sampling bias resulting from
animal personality. Trends Ecol. Evol. , 24, 66–67.
Biro, P.A. & Post, J.R. (2008). Rapid depletion of genotypes with fast
growth and bold personality traits from harvested fish populations.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 105, 2919–2922.
Blumstein, D.T., Wey, T.W. & Tang, K. (2009). A test of the social
cohesion hypothesis: interactive female marmots remain at home.Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. , 276, 3007–3012.
Bolhuis, J.E., Schouten, W.G., de Leeuw, J.A., Schrama, J.W. & Wiegant,
V.M. (2004). Individual coping characteristics, rearing conditions and
behavioural flexibility in pigs. Behav. Brain Res. , 152,
351–360.
Bolnick, D.I., Amarasekare, P., Araújo, M.S., Bürger, R., Levine, J.M.,
Novak, M., et al. (2011). Why intraspecific trait variation
matters in community ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. , 26, 183–192.
Brelin, D., Petersson, E. & Winberg, S. (2005). Divergent stress coping
styles in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta). Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. , 1040, 239–245.
Brodie, J.F., Redford, K.H. & Doak, D.F. (2018). Ecological Function
Analysis: Incorporating species roles into conservation. Trends
Ecol. Evol. , 33, 840–850.
Brown, C. & Irving, E. (2014). Individual personality traits influence
group exploration in a feral guppy population. Behav. Ecol. , 25,
95–101.
Brustolin, M.C., Nagelkerken, I., Ferreira, C.M., Goldenberg, S.U.,
Ullah, H. & Fonseca, G. (2019). Future ocean climate homogenizes
communities across habitats through diversity loss and rise of
generalist species. Glob. Change Biol. , 25, 3539–3548.
Carrete, M. & Tella, J.L. (2011). Inter-individual variability in fear
of humans and relative brain size of the species are related to
contemporary urban invasion in birds. PLoS ONE , 6, e18859.
Castanheira, M.F., Herrera, M., Costas, B., Conceição, L.E.C. &
Martins, C.I.M. (2013). Linking cortisol responsiveness and aggressive
behaviour in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata: Indication of divergent
coping styles. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Chapman, B.B., Hulthén, K., Blomqvist, D.R., Hansson, L.-A., Nilsson,
J.-Å., Brodersen, J., et al. (2011). To boldly go: individual
differences in boldness influence migratory tendency. Ecol.
Lett. , 14, 871–876.
Ciuti, S., Muhly, T.B., Paton, D.G., McDevitt, A.D., Musiani, M. &
Boyce, M.S. (2012). Human selection of elk behavioural traits in a
landscape of fear. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. , 279, 4407–4416.
Coleman, A., Richardson, D., Schechter, R. & Blumstein, D.T. (2008).
Does habituation to humans influence predator discrimination in
Gunther’s dik-diks (Madoqua guentheri)? Biol. Lett. , 4, 250–252.
Cortés-Avizanda, A., Colomer, M.À., Margalida, A., Ceballos, O. &
Donázar, J.A. (2015). Modeling the consequences of the demise and
potential recovery of a keystone-species: wild rabbits and avian
scavengers in Mediterranean landscapes. Sci. Rep. , 5.
Cote, J., Clobert, J., Brodin, T., Fogarty, S. & Sih, A. (2010a).
Personality-dependent dispersal: characterization, ontogeny and
consequences for spatially structured populations. Philos. Trans.
R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. , 365, 4065–4076.
Cote, J., Fogarty, S., Weinersmith, K., Brodin, T. & Sih, A. (2010b).
Personality traits and dispersal tendency in the invasive mosquitofish
(Gambusia affinis). Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. , 277, 1571–1579.
Creel, S. (2018). The control of risk hypothesis: reactive vs. proactive
antipredator responses and stress-mediated vs. food-mediated costs of
response. Ecol. Lett. , 21, 947–956.
Damsgård, B., Evensen, T.H., Øverli, Ø., Gorissen, M., Ebbesson, L.O.,
Rey, S., et al. (2019). Proactive avoidance behaviour and
pace-of-life syndrome in Atlantic salmon. R. Soc. Open Sci. , 6,
181859.
Diamond, S.E. & Martin, R.A. (2016). The interplay between plasticity
and evolution in response to human-induced environmental change.F1000Research , 5.
Diaz Pauli, B. & Sih, A. (2017). Behavioural responses to human‐induced
change: Why fishing should not be ignored. Evol. Appl. , 10,
231–240.
Diaz Pauli, B., Wiech, M., Heino, M. & Utne‐Palm, A.C. (2015). Opposite
selection on behavioural types by active and passive fishing gears in a
simulated guppy Poecilia reticulata fishery. J. Fish Biol. , 86,
1030–1045.
Dingemanse, N.J. & de Goede, P. (2004). The relation between dominance
and exploratory behavior is context-dependent in wild great tits.Behav. Ecol. , 15, 1023–1030.
Dingemanse, N.J. & Réale, D. (2005). Natural selection and animal
personality. Behaviour , 142, 1159–1184.
Ferrari, S. (2014). Caractérisation, variabilité et héritabilité des
traits de personnalité chez les téléostéens. phdthesis. Université de La
Rochelle.
Ferrari, S., Benhaïm, D., Colchen, T., Chatain, B. & Bégout, M.-L.
(2014). First links between self-feeding behaviour and personality
traits in European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Appl. Anim.
Behav. Sci. , 161, 131–141.
Ferrari, S., Horri, K., Allal, F., Vergnet, A., Benhaim, D., Vandeputte,
M., et al. (2016). Heritability of boldness and hypoxia avoidance
in European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. PLOS ONE , 11,
e0168506.
Forsman, A. & Wennersten, L. (2016). Inter-individual variation
promotes ecological success of populations and species: evidence from
experimental and comparative studies. Ecography , 39, 630–648.
Gabriel, P.O. & Black, J.M. (2012). Behavioural syndromes, partner
compatibility and reproductive performance in Steller’s Jays.Ethology , 118, 76–86.
Geffroy, B., Bolliet, V. & Bardonnet, A. (2016). Kleptoparasitism and
aggressiveness are influenced by standard metabolic rate in eels.Physiol. Behav. , 157, 165–169.
Geffroy, B., Bru, N., Dossou-Gbété, S., Tentelier, C. & Bardonnet, A.
(2014). The link between social network density and rank-order
consistency of aggressiveness in juvenile eels. Behav. Ecol.
Sociobiol. , 68, 1073–1083.
Geffroy, B., Sadoul, B. & Bardonnet, A. (2015a). Behavioural syndrome
in juvenile eels and its ecological implications. Behaviour , 152,
147–166.
Geffroy, B., Sadoul, B., Bouchareb, A., Prigent, S., Bourdineaud, J.-P.,
Gonzalez-Rey, M., et al. (2018). Nature-based tourism elicits a
phenotypic shift in the coping abilities of fish. Front.
Physiol. , 9.
Geffroy, B., Sadoul, B. & Ellenberg, U. (2017). Physiological and
Behavioral Consequences of Human Visitation. In: Ecotourism’s
Promise and Peril . Springer, Cham, pp. 9–27.
Geffroy, B., Samia, D.S.M., Bessa, E. & Blumstein, D.T. (2015b). How
nature-based tourism might increase prey vulnerability to predators.Trends Ecol. Evol. , 30, 755–765.
Godin, J.G. & Dugatkin, L.A. (1996). Female mating preference for bold
males in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. ,
93, 10262–10267.
Hare, B., Plyusnina, I., Ignacio, N., Schepina, O., Stepika, A.,
Wrangham, R., et al. (2005). Social cognitive evolution in
captive foxes Is a correlated by-product of experimental domestication.Curr. Biol. , 15, 226–230.
Harris, M.R. & Siefferman, L. (2014). Interspecific competition
influences fitness benefits of assortative mating for territorial
aggression in eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). PLOS ONE , 9,
e88668.
Harrison, P.M., Gutowsky, L.F.G., Martins, E.G., Patterson, D.A., Cooke,
S.J. & Power, M. (2015). Personality-dependent spatial ecology occurs
independently from dispersal in wild burbot ( Lota lota ). Behav.
Ecol. , 26, 483–492.
Heino, M. & Godø, O.R. (2002). Fisheries-induced selection pressures in
the context of sustainable fisheries. Bull. Mar. Sci. , 70,
639–656.
Herrera, M., Castanheira, M.F., Conceição, L.E.C. & Martins, C.I.
(2014). Linking risk taking and the behavioral and metabolic responses
to confinement stress in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. Appl.
Anim. Behav. Sci. , 155, 101–108.
Holt, M.M., Noren, D.P., Veirs, V., Emmons, C.K. & Veirs, S. (2009).
Speaking up: Killer whales (Orcinus orca) increase their call amplitude
in response to vessel noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , 125,
EL27–EL32.
Huang, S., Slomianka, L., Farmer, A.J., Kharlamova, A.V., Gulevich,
R.G., Herbeck, Y.E., et al. (2015). Selection for tameness, a key
behavioral trait of domestication, increases adult hippocampal
neurogenesis in foxes. Hippocampus , 25, 963–975.
Huntingford, F.A. (1976). The relationship between anti-predator
behaviour and aggression among conspecifics in the three-spined
stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Anim. Behav. , 24, 245–260.
Huntingford, F.A., Andrew, G., Mackenzie, S., Morera, D., Coyle, S.M.,
Pilarczyk, M., et al. (2010). Coping strategies in a strongly
schooling fish, the common carp Cyprinus carpio. J. Fish Biol. ,
76, 1576–1591.
Ibarra‐Zatarain, Z., Parati, K., Cenadelli, S. & Duncan, N. (2019).
Reproductive success of a marine teleost was correlated with proactive
and reactive stress-coping styles. J. Fish Biol. , 94, 402–413.
Johansen, I.B., Sørensen, C., Sandvik, G.K., Nilsson, G.E., Höglund, E.,
Bakken, M., et al. (2012). Neural plasticity is affected by
stress and heritable variation in stress coping style. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol. Part D Genomics Proteomics , 7, 161–171.
Jolles, J.W., Briggs, H.D., Araya-Ajoy, Y.G. & Boogert, N.J. (2019).
Personality, plasticity and predictability in sticklebacks: bold fish
are less plastic and more predictable than shy fish. Anim.
Behav. , 154, 193–202.
Jolles, J.W., Fleetwood-Wilson, A., Nakayama, S., Stumpe, M.C.,
Johnstone, R.A. & Manica, A. (2015). The role of social attraction and
its link with boldness in the collective movements of three-spined
sticklebacks. Anim. Behav. , 99, 147–153.
Killen, S., Nati, J. & Suski, C.D. (2015). Vulnerability of individual
fish to capture by trawling is influenced by capacity for anaerobic
metabolism. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. , 282, 20150603.
Killen, S.S., Marras, S. & McKenzie, D.J. (2011). Fuel, fasting, fear:
routine metabolic rate and food deprivation exert synergistic effects on
risk-taking in individual juvenile European sea bass. J. Anim.
Ecol. , 80, 1024–1033.
Killen, S.S., Marras, S., Ryan, M.R., Domenici, P. & McKenzie, D.J.
(2012). A relationship between metabolic rate and risk-taking behaviour
is revealed during hypoxia in juvenile European sea bass. Funct.
Ecol. , 26, 134–143.
Kittilsen, S., Johansen, I.B., Braastad, B.O. & Øverli, Ø. (2012).
Pigments, parasites and personalitiy: towards a unifying role for
steroid hormones? PloS One , 7, e34281.
Koolhaas, J.M., de Boer, S.F., Coppens, C.M. & Buwalda, B. (2010).
Neuroendocrinology of coping styles: Towards understanding the biology
of individual variation. Front. Neuroendocrinol. , 31, 307–321.
Koolhaas, J.M., Korte, S.M., De Boer, S.F., Van Der Vegt, B.J., Van
Reenen, C.G., Hopster, H., et al. (1999). Coping styles in
animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology.Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. , 23, 925–935.
Krebs, C.J., Boutin, S., Boonstra, R., Sinclair, A.R.E., Smith, J.N.M.,
Dale, M.R.T., et al. (1995). Impact of Food and Predation on the
Snowshoe Hare Cycle. Science , 269, 1112–1115.
Laubu, C., Dechaume-Moncharmont, F.-X., Motreuil, S. & Schweitzer, C.
(2016). Mismatched partners that achieve postpairing behavioral
similarity improve their reproductive success. Sci. Adv. , 2,
e1501013.
Laursen, D.C., Olsen, H.L., Ruiz-Gomez, M.D., Winberg, S. & Hoglund, E.
(2011). Behavioural responses to hypoxia provide a non-invasive method
for distinguishing between stress coping styles in fish. Appl.
Anim. Behav. Sci. , 132, 211–216.
Leclerc, M., Zedrosser, A., Swenson, J.E. & Pelletier, F. (2019).
Hunters select for behavioral traits in a large carnivore. Sci.
Rep. , 9, 1–8.
Little, A.G., Fisher, D.N., Schoener, T.W. & Pruitt, J.N. (2019).
Population differences in aggression are shaped by tropical
cyclone-induced selection. Nat. Ecol. Evol. , 3, 1294–1297.
MacKenzie, S., Ribas, L., Pilarczyk, M., Capdevila, D.M., Kadri, S. &
Huntingford, F.A. (2009). Screening for coping style increases the power
of gene expression studies. PLoS One , 4, e5314.
Madden, J.R. & Whiteside, M.A. (2014). Selection on behavioural traits
during ‘unselective’harvesting means that shy pheasants better survive a
hunting season. Anim. Behav. , 87, 129–135.
Mas-Muñoz, J., Komen, H., Schneider, O., Visch, S.W. & Schrama, J.W.
(2011). Feeding behaviour, swimming activity and boldness explain
variation in feed intake and growth of sole (Solea solea) reared in
captivity. PLoS One , 6, e21393.
Millot, S., Begout, M.L. & Chatain, B. (2009). Exploration behaviour
and flight response toward a stimulus in three sea bass strains
(Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. , 119,
108–114.
Millot, S., Cerqueira, M., Castanheira, M.-F., Øverli, Ø., Oliveira,
R.F. & Martins, C.I. (2014). Behavioural stress responses predict
environmental perception in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).PloS One , 9, e108800.
Mills, L.S., Soulé, M.E. & Doak, D.F. (1993). The keystone-species
concept in ecology and conservation. BioScience , 43, 219–224.
Miranda, A.C., Schielzeth, H., Sonntag, T. & Partecke, J. (2013).
Urbanization and its effects on personality traits: a result of
microevolution or phenotypic plasticity? Glob. Change Biol. , 19,
2634–2644.
Modlmeier, A.P., Keiser, C.N., Watters, J.V., Sih, A. & Pruitt, J.N.
(2014). The keystone individual concept: an ecological and evolutionary
overview. Anim. Behav. , 89, 53–62.
Møller, A.P. (2012). Urban areas as refuges from predators and flight
distance of prey. Behav. Ecol. , 23, 1030–1035.
Moran, N.A. (1992). The evolutionary maintenance of alternative
phenotypes. Am. Nat. , 139, 971–989.
Murren, C.J., Auld, J.R., Callahan, H., Ghalambor, C.K., Handelsman,
C.A., Heskel, M.A., et al. (2015). Constraints on the evolution
of phenotypic plasticity: limits and costs of phenotype and plasticity.Heredity , 115, 293–301.
Myles-Gonzalez, E., Burness, G., Yavno, S., Rooke, A. & Fox, M.G.
(2015). To boldly go where no goby has gone before: boldness, dispersal
tendency, and metabolism at the invasion front. Behav. Ecol. , 26,
1083–1090.
Nussey, D.H., Postma, E., Gienapp, P. & Visser, M.E. (2005). Selection
on heritable phenotypic plasticity in a wild bird population.Science , 310, 304–306.
Øverli, Ø., Korzan, W.J., Höglund, E., Winberg, S., Bollig, H., Watt,
M., et al. (2004). Stress coping style predicts aggression and
social dominance in rainbow trout. Horm. Behav. , 45, 235–241.
Øverli, Ø., Pottinger, T.G., Carrick, T.R., Øverli, E. & Winberg, S.
(2001). Brain monoaminergic activity in rainbow trout selected for high
and low stress responsiveness. Brain. Behav. Evol. , 57, 214–224.
Øverli, Ø. & Sørensen, C. (2016). On the role of neurogenesis and
neural plasticity in the evolution of animal personalities and stress
coping styles. Brain. Behav. Evol. , 87, 167–174.
Øverli, Ø., Sørensen, C. & Nilsson, G.E. (2006). Behavioral indicators
of stress-coping style in rainbow trout: Do males and females react
differently to novelty? Physiol. Behav. , 87, 506–512.
Paine, R.T. (1995). A conversation on refining the concept of keystone
species. Conserv. Biol. , 9, 962–964.
Partecke, J., Schwabl, I. & Gwinner, E. (2006). Stress and the city:
urbanization and its effects on the stress physiology in European
blackbirds. Ecology , 87, 1945–1952.
Peterson, E.K., Buchwalter, D.B., Kerby, J.L., LeFauve, M.K.,
Varian-Ramos, C.W. & Swaddle, J.P. (2017). Integrative behavioral
ecotoxicology: bringing together fields to establish new insight to
behavioral ecology, toxicology, and conservation. Curr. Zool. ,
63, 185–194.
Pilakouta, N., Killen, S.S., Kristjánsson, B.K., Skúlason, S.,
Lindström, J., Metcalfe, N.B., et al. (2019). Reduction in
standard metabolic rate after multigenerational exposure to elevated
temperatures in the wild. bioRxiv , 749986.
Pruitt, J.N. & Keiser, C.N. (2014). The personality types of key
catalytic individuals shape colonies’ collective behaviour and success.Anim. Behav. , 93, 87–95.
Pulido, F. & Berthold, P. (2010). Current selection for lower migratory
activity will drive the evolution of residency in a migratory bird
population. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 107, 7341–7346.
Rauw, W.M., Johnson, A.K., Gomez-Raya, L. & Dekkers, J.C.M. (2017). A
hypothesis and review of the relationship between selection for improved
production efficiency, coping behavior, and domestication. Front.
Genet. , 8.
Réale, D. & Festa-Bianchet, M. (2003). Predator-induced natural
selection on temperament in bighorn ewes. Anim. Behav. , 65,
463–470.
Réale, D., Garant, D., Humphries, M.M., Bergeron, P., Careau, V. &
Montiglio, P.-O. (2010). Personality and the emergence of the
pace-of-life syndrome concept at the population level. Philos.
Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. , 365, 4051–4063.
Reimers, E., Loe, L.E., Eftestøl, S., Colman, J.E. & Dahle, B. (2009).
Effects of hunting on response behaviors of wild reindeer. J.
Wildl. Manag. , 73, 844–851.
Robertson, B.A., Rehage, J.S. & Sih, A. (2013). Ecological novelty and
the emergence of evolutionary traps. Trends Ecol. Evol. , 28,
552–560.
Roche, D.G., Careau, V. & Binning, S.A. (2016). Demystifying animal
‘personality’ (or not): why individual variation matters to experimental
biologists. J. Exp. Biol. , 219, 3832–3843.
Roches, S.D., Post, D.M., Turley, N.E., Bailey, J.K., Hendry, A.P.,
Kinnison, M.T., et al. (2018). The ecological importance of
intraspecific variation. Nat. Ecol. Evol. , 2, 57–64.
Ruiz-Gomez, M. de L., Huntingford, F.A., Øverli, Ø., Thörnqvist, P.-O.
& Höglund, E. (2011). Response to environmental change in rainbow trout
selected for divergent stress coping styles. Physiol. Behav. ,
102, 317–322.
Ruiz-Gomez, M. de L., Kittilsen, S., Höglund, E., Huntingford, F.A.,
Sørensen, C., Pottinger, T.G., et al. (2008). Behavioral
plasticity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with divergent coping
styles: When doves become hawks. Horm. Behav. , 54, 534–538.
Saaristo, M., Brodin, T., Balshine, S., Bertram, M.G., Brooks, B.W.,
Ehlman, S.M., et al. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of
chemical contaminants on the behaviour, ecology and evolution of
wildlife. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. , 285, 20181297.
Sadoul, B., Alfonso, S., Bessa, E., Bouchareb, A., Blondeau-Bidet, E.,
Clair, P., et al. (2018). Enhanced brain expression of genes
related to cell proliferation and neural differentiation is associated
with cortisol receptor expression in fishes. Gen. Comp.
Endocrinol. , 267, 76–81.
Samia, D.S.M., Nakagawa, S., Nomura, F., Rangel, T.F. & Blumstein, D.T.
(2015). Increased tolerance to humans among disturbed wildlife.Nat. Commun. , 6, 8877.
Shannon, N.J., Gunnet, J.W. & Moore, K.E. (1986). A comparison of
biochemical indices of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neuronal activity
following electrical simulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus. J.
Neurochem. , 47, 958–965.
Shochat, E., Warren, P.S., Faeth, S.H., McIntyre, N.E. & Hope, D.
(2006). From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban
ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. , 21, 186–191.
Sih, A. (2013). Understanding variation in behavioural responses to
human-induced rapid environmental change: a conceptual overview.Anim. Behav. , Including Special Section: Behavioural Plasticity
and Evolution, 85, 1077–1088.
Sih, A., Bell, A. & Johnson, J.C. (2004). Behavioral syndromes: an
ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends Ecol. Evol. , 19,
372–378.
Sih, A., Cote, J., Evans, M., Fogarty, S. & Pruitt, J. (2012).
Ecological implications of behavioural syndromes. Ecol. Lett. ,
15, 278–289.
Sih, A., Ferrari, M.C.O. & Harris, D.J. (2011). Evolution and
behavioural responses to human-induced rapid environmental change.Evol. Appl. , 4, 367–387.
Silva, P.I.M., Martins, C.I., Engrola, S., Marino, G., Øverli, Ø. &
Conceição, L.E. (2010). Individual differences in cortisol levels and
behaviour of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles: evidence
for coping styles. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. , 124, 75–81.
Skov, P.V., de Jesus Gregersen, K.J., Gesto, M. & Jokumsen, A. (2019).
Proactive coping style in early emerging rainbow trout carries a
metabolic cost with no apparent return. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A.
Mol. Integr. Physiol. , 231, 104–110.
Slabbekoorn, H. & Peet, M. (2003). Ecology: Birds sing at a higher
pitch in urban noise. Nature , 424, 267.
Smith, B.R. & Blumstein, D.T. (2008). Fitness consequences of
personality: a meta-analysis. Behav. Ecol. , 19, 448–455.
Smith, B.R. & Blumstein, D.T. (2012). Structural consistency of
behavioural syndromes: does predator training lead to multi-contextual
behavioural change? Behaviour , 149, 187–213.
Smith, B.R. & Blumstein, D.T. (2013). Animal personalities and
conservation biology. Anim. Personal. Behav. Physiol. Evol. ,
379–411.
Sol, D., Bacher, S., Reader, S.M. & Lefebvre, L. (2008). Brain size
predicts the success of mammal species introduced into novel
environments. Am. Nat. , 172, S63–S71.
Sol, D., Duncan, R.P., Blackburn, T.M., Cassey, P. & Lefebvre, L.
(2005). Big brains, enhanced cognition, and response of birds to novel
environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 102, 5460–5465.
Sol, D., Lapiedra, O. & González-Lagos, C. (2013). Behavioural
adjustments for a life in the city. Anim. Behav. , Including
Special Section: Behavioural Plasticity and Evolution, 85, 1101–1112.
Sørensen, C., Johansen, I.B. & Øverli, Ø. (2013). Neural plasticity and
stress coping in teleost fishes. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.
Taff, C.C. & Vitousek, M.N. (2016). Endocrine flexibility: optimizing
phenotypes in a dynamic world? Trends Ecol. Evol. , 31, 476–488.
Thompson, M.J., Evans, J.C., Parsons, S. & Morand-Ferron, J. (2018).
Urbanization and individual differences in exploration and plasticity.Behav. Ecol. , 29, 1415–1425.
Thomson, J.S., Watts, P.C., Pottinger, T.G. & Sneddon, L.U. (2012).
Plasticity of boldness in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: do hunger
and predation influence risk-taking behaviour? Horm. Behav. , 61,
750–757.
Thörnqvist, P.-O., McCarrick, S., Ericsson, M., Roman, E. & Winberg, S.
(2019). Bold zebrafish (Danio rerio) express higher levels of delta
opioid and dopamine D2 receptors in the brain compared to shy fish.Behav. Brain Res. , 359, 927–934.
Trut, L., Oskina, I. & Kharlamova, A. (2009). Animal evolution during
domestication: the domesticated fox as a model. BioEssays , 31,
349–360.
Trut, L.N. (1999). Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment.Am. Sci. , 87.
Tudorache, C., Schaaf, M.J. & Slabbekoorn, H. (2013). Covariation
between behaviour and physiology indicators of coping style in zebrafish
(Danio rerio). J Endocrinol , 219, 251–8.
Tudorache, C., Slabbekoorn, H., Robbers, Y., Hin, E., Meijer, J.H.,
Spaink, H.P., et al. (2018). Biological clock function is linked
to proactive and reactive personality types. BMC Biol. , 16, 148.
Tuomainen, U. & Candolin, U. (2011). Behavioural responses to
human-induced environmental change. Biol. Rev. , 86, 640–657.
Uusi-Heikkilä, S., Wolter, C., Klefoth, T. & Arlinghaus, R. (2008). A
behavioral perspective on fishing-induced evolution. Trends Ecol.
Evol. , 23, 419–421.
Vargas, R., Balasch, J.C., Brandts, I., Reyes-López, F., Tort, L. &
Teles, M. (2018a). Variations in the immune and metabolic response of
proactive and reactive Sparus aurata under stimulation with Vibrio
anguillarum vaccine. Sci. Rep. , 8, 1–9.
Vargas, R., Mackenzie, S. & Rey, S. (2018b). ‘Love at first sight’: The
effect of personality and colouration patterns in the reproductive
success of zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLOS ONE , 13, e0203320.
Verbeek, M.E., Drent, P.J. & Wiepkema, P.R. (1994). Consistent
individual differences in early exploratory behaviour of male great
tits. Anim. Behav. , 48, 1113–1121.
Vindas, M.A., Gorissen, M., Höglund, E., Flik, G., Tronci, V., Damsgård,
B., et al. (2017a). How do individuals cope with stress?
Behavioural, physiological and neuronal differences between proactive
and reactive coping styles in fish. J. Exp. Biol. , 220,
1524–1532.
Vindas, M.A., Magnhagen, C., Brännäs, E., Øverli, Ø., Winberg, S.,
Nilsson, J., et al. (2017b). Brain cortisol receptor expression
differs in Arctic charr displaying opposite coping styles.Physiol. Behav. , 177, 161–168.
Visser, M.E., Perdeck, A.C., Balen, J.H.V. & Both, C. (2009). Climate
change leads to decreasing bird migration distances. Glob. Change
Biol. , 15, 1859–1865.
White, S.L., Wagner, T., Gowan, C. & Braithwaite, V.A. (2017). Can
personality predict individual differences in brook trout spatial
learning ability? Behav. Processes , The Cognition of Fish, 141,
220–228.
Whitehead, A., Clark, B.W., Reid, N.M., Hahn, M.E. & Nacci, D. (2017).
When evolution is the solution to pollution: Key principles, and lessons
from rapid repeated adaptation of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)
populations. Evol. Appl. , 10, 762–783.
Wilkins, A.S., Wrangham, R.W. & Fitch, W.T. (2014). The “domestication
syndrome” in mammals: a unified explanation based on neural crest cell
behavior and genetics. Genetics , 197, 795–808.
Wilson, A.D.M., Godin, J.-G.J. & Ward, A.J.W. (2010). Boldness and
reproductive fitness correlates in the eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia
holbrooki. Ethology , 116, 96–104.
Wong, B.B.M. & Candolin, U. (2015). Behavioral responses to changing
environments. Behav. Ecol. , 26, 665–673.
Wong, R.Y., French, J. & Russ, J.B. (2019). Differences in stress
reactivity between zebrafish with alternative stress coping styles.R. Soc. Open Sci. , 6, 181797.
Wong, R.Y., Lamm, M.S. & Godwin, J. (2015). Characterizing the
neurotranscriptomic states in alternative stress coping styles.BMC Genomics , 16, 425.
Yuan, M., Chen, Y., Huang, Y. & Lu, W. (2018). Behavioral and metabolic
phenotype indicate personality in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Front.
Physiol. , 9, 653.
Table 1. Summary of the observed divergences for traits that
are generally associated with the different coping styles: proactive (P)
and reactive (R).