Traits Proactive vs. reactive References
Behavior
Boldness P>R (Koolhaas et al. 1999)
Activity P>R (Mas-Muñoz et al. 2011; Herrera et al. 2014; Geffroy et al. 2015a; Wong et al. 2019)
Aggressiveness P>R (Huntingford 1976; Øverli et al. 2004; Castanheira et al. 2013)
Exploratory behavior P>R (Øverli et al. 2006; Millot et al. 2009)
Sociality R>P (Ferrari 2014; Geffroy et al. 2014; Jolles et al. 2015)
Social dominance P>R (reversed in a novel environment) (Øverli et al. 2004; Ruiz-Gomez et al. 2008; Øverli & Sørensen 2016)
Escape a stressor P>R (Brelin et al. 2005; Silva et al. 2010; Laursen et al. 2011; Ferrari et al. 2016; Damsgård et al. 2019)
Plasticity R>P (Benus et al. 1991; Bolhuis et al. 2004; Ruiz-Gomez et al. 2011; Jolles et al. 2019), although (Thomson et al. 2012) observed the opposite
Dispersal P>R (Chapman et al. 2011; Myles-Gonzalez et al. 2015)
Cognitive abilities
Behavioral plasticity to solve task R>P (Verbeek et al. 1994; Bolhuis et al. 2004; Ruiz-Gomez et al. 2008, 2011)
Sensitivity to positive stimulus P>R (Millot et al. 2014)
Sensitivity to negative stimulus R>P (Millot et al. 2014)
Memory R longer than P (Baker & Wong 2019)
Fear learning R faster than P (Baker & Wong 2019)
Triggering of self-feeder R>P (Ferrari et al. 2014; Benhaïm et al. 2017)
Neural plasticity R>P (Johansen et al. 2012; Sørensen et al. 2013; Vindas et al. 2017a; Sadoul et al. 2018; Alfonso et al. 2019)
Metabolism
Glucose R>P (Huntingford et al. 2010)
Lactate R>P (Huntingford et al. 2010)
Oxygen consumption P>R (Killen et al. 2011; Herrera et al. 2014)
Metabolic rate (under hypoxia) P>R (Killen et al. 2012)
Standard metabolic rate P>R (Geffroy et al. 2016; Yuan et al. 2018)
Routine metabolic rate P>R (Skov et al. 2019)
Resting metabolic rate P>R (Huntingford et al. 2010)
Anaerobic capacities P>R (Killen et al. 2015)
HPI/A axis and stress response
Cortisol level (basal) R=P (Tudorache et al. 2013; Wong et al. 2019)
Cortisol level (post stress) R>P (Castanheira et al. 2013; Wong et al. 2019)
Cortisol basal levels recovery P faster than R (Tudorache et al. 2013; Wong et al. 2019)
Glucocorticoid receptors
P>R (gr1 in hypothalamus) R>P (gr2 in whole brain)
(Vindas et al. 2017b; Alfonso et al. 2019)
Mineralocorticoid receptors
R>P (whole brain) P>R (hypothalamus)
(Vindas et al. 2017b; Alfonso et al. 2019)
Corticotropin releasing factor
R>P (whole brain) P>R (hypothalamus)
(Vindas et al. 2017b; Alfonso et al. 2019)
Cortisol receptor R>P (Huntingford et al. 2010)
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase R>P (Wong et al. 2015)
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin (Basal) P=R (brain) (Øverli et al. 2001)
Noradrenaline (Basal) P=R (brain) (Øverli et al. 2001)
Dopamine (Basal) P=R (brain) (Øverli et al. 2001)
Serotonin (Post stress)* R>P (brain stem) (Øverli et al. 2001)
Noradrenaline (Post stress)
R>P (telencephalon and optic tectum) R>P (whole brain) (Øverli et al. 2001) (Alfonso et al. 2019)
Dopamine (Post stress) P=R (brain) (Øverli et al. 2001)
Dopamine D2 receptors P>R (Thörnqvist et al. 2019)
Serotonin receptor (5-HT1A) P>R (Vindas et al. 2017a)
Adrenaline and noradrenaline release (Post stress) P>R (blood) (Brelin et al. 2005; Koolhaas et al. 2010)
Immunity
Immune response P>R (MacKenzie et al. 2009; Kittilsen et al. 2012; Vargas et al. 2018a)
Biological clock
Circadian rhythm P>R (Tudorache et al. 2018)
Genes involved in biological clock P ≠ R (Tudorache et al. 2018)
Fitness
Reproductive success
P>R (lab conditions) P>R (lab conditions) P>R (both conditions) R>P (wild conditions) R=P (wild conditions) (Ibarra‐Zatarain et al. 2019) (Vargas et al. 2018b) (Smith & Blumstein 2008) (Wilson et al. 2010) (Smith & Blumstein 2008)
Mating preferences P>R (lab conditions) (Godin & Dugatkin 1996)
Mating adjustments R>P (lab conditions) (Laubu et al. 2016)
Growth
R>P (lab conditions) P>R (lab conditions) P>R (lab conditions) R>P (wild conditions) (Ferrari et al. 2016) (Biro et al. 2004) (Damsgård et al. 2019) (Adriaenssens & Johnsson 2011)
Survival R>P (both conditions) (Smith & Blumstein 2008)