Behavior |
|
|
Boldness |
P>R |
(Koolhaas et al.
1999) |
Activity |
P>R |
(Mas-Muñoz et al. 2011; Herrera
et al. 2014; Geffroy et al. 2015a; Wong et al.
2019) |
Aggressiveness |
P>R |
(Huntingford 1976; Øverli et
al. 2004; Castanheira et al. 2013) |
Exploratory behavior |
P>R |
(Øverli et al. 2006;
Millot et al. 2009) |
Sociality |
R>P |
(Ferrari 2014; Geffroy et al.
2014; Jolles et al. 2015) |
Social dominance |
P>R (reversed in a novel environment) |
(Øverli et al. 2004; Ruiz-Gomez et al. 2008; Øverli &
Sørensen 2016) |
Escape a stressor |
P>R |
(Brelin et al. 2005; Silva
et al. 2010; Laursen et al. 2011; Ferrari et al.
2016; Damsgård et al. 2019) |
Plasticity |
R>P |
(Benus et al. 1991; Bolhuis
et al. 2004; Ruiz-Gomez et al. 2011; Jolles et al.
2019), although (Thomson et al. 2012) observed the
opposite |
Dispersal |
P>R |
(Chapman et al. 2011;
Myles-Gonzalez et al. 2015) |
Cognitive abilities |
|
|
Behavioral plasticity to solve task |
R>P |
(Verbeek
et al. 1994; Bolhuis et al. 2004; Ruiz-Gomez et al.
2008, 2011) |
Sensitivity to positive stimulus
|
P>R |
(Millot
et al. 2014) |
Sensitivity to negative stimulus
|
R>P |
(Millot
et al. 2014) |
Memory |
R longer than P |
(Baker & Wong 2019) |
Fear learning |
R faster than P |
(Baker & Wong 2019) |
Triggering of self-feeder |
R>P |
(Ferrari et al.
2014; Benhaïm et al. 2017) |
Neural plasticity |
R>P |
(Johansen et al. 2012;
Sørensen et al. 2013; Vindas et al. 2017a; Sadoul et
al. 2018; Alfonso et al. 2019) |
Metabolism |
|
|
Glucose |
R>P |
(Huntingford et al.
2010) |
Lactate |
R>P |
(Huntingford et al.
2010) |
Oxygen consumption |
P>R |
(Killen et al. 2011;
Herrera et al. 2014) |
Metabolic rate (under hypoxia) |
P>R |
(Killen et
al. 2012) |
Standard metabolic rate |
P>R |
(Geffroy et al.
2016; Yuan et al. 2018) |
Routine metabolic rate |
P>R |
(Skov et al.
2019) |
Resting metabolic rate |
P>R |
(Huntingford et al.
2010) |
Anaerobic capacities |
P>R |
(Killen et al.
2015) |
HPI/A axis and stress response |
|
|
Cortisol level (basal) |
R=P |
(Tudorache et al. 2013; Wong
et al. 2019) |
Cortisol level (post stress) |
R>P |
(Castanheira et
al. 2013; Wong et al. 2019) |
Cortisol basal levels recovery |
P faster than R |
(Tudorache et
al. 2013; Wong et al. 2019) |
Glucocorticoid receptors
|
P>R (gr1 in hypothalamus)
R>P (gr2 in whole brain)
|
(Vindas et al. 2017b; Alfonso et al. 2019)
|
Mineralocorticoid receptors
|
R>P (whole brain)
P>R (hypothalamus)
|
(Vindas et al. 2017b; Alfonso et al. 2019)
|
Corticotropin releasing factor
|
R>P (whole brain)
P>R (hypothalamus)
|
(Vindas et al. 2017b; Alfonso et al. 2019)
|
Cortisol receptor |
R>P |
(Huntingford et al.
2010) |
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase |
R>P |
(Wong et
al. 2015) |
Neurotransmitters |
|
|
Serotonin (Basal) |
P=R (brain) |
(Øverli et al.
2001) |
Noradrenaline (Basal) |
P=R (brain) |
(Øverli et al.
2001) |
Dopamine (Basal) |
P=R (brain) |
(Øverli et al.
2001) |
Serotonin (Post stress)* |
R>P (brain stem) |
(Øverli
et al. 2001) |
Noradrenaline (Post stress)
|
R>P (telencephalon and optic tectum)
R>P (whole brain)
|
(Øverli et al. 2001)
(Alfonso et al. 2019)
|
Dopamine (Post stress) |
P=R (brain) |
(Øverli et al.
2001) |
Dopamine D2 receptors |
P>R |
(Thörnqvist et al.
2019) |
Serotonin receptor (5-HT1A) |
P>R |
(Vindas
et al. 2017a) |
Adrenaline and noradrenaline release (Post stress) |
P>R
(blood) |
(Brelin et al. 2005; Koolhaas et al.
2010) |
Immunity |
|
|
Immune response |
P>R |
(MacKenzie et al. 2009;
Kittilsen et al. 2012; Vargas et al. 2018a) |
Biological clock |
|
|
Circadian rhythm |
P>R |
(Tudorache et al.
2018) |
Genes involved in biological clock |
P ≠ R |
(Tudorache et al.
2018) |
Fitness |
|
|
Reproductive success
|
P>R (lab conditions)
P>R (lab conditions)
P>R (both conditions)
R>P (wild conditions)
R=P (wild conditions)
|
(Ibarra‐Zatarain et al. 2019)
(Vargas et al. 2018b)
(Smith & Blumstein 2008)
(Wilson et al. 2010)
(Smith & Blumstein 2008)
|
Mating preferences |
P>R (lab conditions) |
(Godin &
Dugatkin 1996) |
Mating adjustments |
R>P (lab conditions) |
(Laubu et
al. 2016) |
Growth
|
R>P (lab conditions)
P>R (lab conditions)
P>R (lab conditions)
R>P (wild conditions)
|
(Ferrari et al. 2016)
(Biro et al. 2004)
(Damsgård et al. 2019)
(Adriaenssens & Johnsson 2011)
|
Survival |
R>P (both conditions) |
(Smith & Blumstein
2008) |