where Øe is external electric potential and Øc is constant correction potential for a conducting surface with an area of A. This correction equation is based on the assumption that the conducting object is initially uncharged and the magnitude of the local strength of the induced field on the surface is equal to the externally applied electrical field magnitude with opposite directions. These correlations have been widely used to explain the ICEK phenomena employed in various microfluidics applications. In the following sections, these applications are discussed.