Figure 4. The ICEK microvalves utilizing, (A) rotary elliptical metal cylinders as an actuator within a microchannel (Sugioka, 2010), (B) a Janus particle actuated within a microchamber with three-side channels (Daghighi & Li, 2011),(C) electrically conducting surfaces placed at the corners of a microchannel network for generating actuation MVs, (D)Y-junction walls for generating actuation MVs (C. Wang et al., 2016), and (E) electrically induced Janus droplet actuated within a chamber with one inlet and two outlets (Li & Li, 2018).