2. Developmental success
In 1980-2000, we estimated that viviparous embryos have higher developmental success at high latitudes and elevations (upper latitudinal limits: 55 oN vs 40 oN), but have lower developmental success at the subtropical southeastern coast and tropical regions than do oviparous embryos (Fig. 4a, c). After climate warming (2080-2100 versus 1980-2000), we project that the developmental success of viviparous species will increase in most regions (by 14.1% on average), with the increment being larger at higher latitudes and elevations (Fig. 4d). On the contrary, the developmental success of oviparous species will decrease in most regions (by -18.4% on average) except for the subtropical southeastern coast and tropical islands (Fig. 4b).