4.1.5. Hyperparasites of smuts and bunts

Reports of hyperparasitic fungi on smut and bunt fungi (Basidiomycota: Ustilaginomycotina) are scarce (Hawksworth, 1981). Species of Fusarium may grow on Ustilago spp., and the infections by these parasites can render the edible galls produced by Ustilago maydis poisonous (Gams et al., 2004; Wollenweber and Reinking, 1935). Aphanocladium album, a common parasite of rust fungi, has also been reported growing on teliospores of Ustilaginales (Koç and Défago, 1983). Species of Tilletiopsis (Exobasidiomycetes: Entylomatales) have been found growing on lesions caused by Entyloma (Exobasidiomycetes: Entylomatales), although their hyperparasitic activity has not been demonstrated (Brady, 1960).