Examples of fossil fungal parasites: Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and unclassified fungi. A. Callosity extending into lumen of Botryopteris antiqua cortical cell from Visean (Mississippian) chert deposits in France; fig. 1n in Krings et al. (2011a); bar 20 µm. B. Swollen tracheid wall extending into cell lumen (arrow) adjacent to ray from Upper Permian of Antarctica; fig. 2A in Harper et al. (2017); bar 25 µm. C. Transverse section of wood from Jurassic of Antarctica showing crushed vascular ray (dark line in center), with tyloses in adjacent tracheids; bar 25 μm. D. Paleoophiocordyceps coccophagus with two synnemata (arrows) arising from head of a scale insect from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber of northern Myanmar; fig. 1A in Sung et al. (2008); bar 1.0 mm. E. Conidial heads of Aspergillus collembolorum extending from surface of a springtail from Eocene Baltic amber; fig. 2 in Dörfelt and Schmidt (2005); bar 500 μm. F. Stalk-eyed fly Prosphyracephala succini with tuft of Stigmatomyces succini (arrow) attached to thorax from Oligocene Bitterfeld amber, colour version of fig. 1 in Rossi et al. (2005); bar 1.0 mm. G. Detail of S. succini, colour version of fig. 2 in Rossi et al. (2005); bar 250 μm. H. Proptomaphaginus alleni with Columnomyces electri located on the right leg from Miocene Dominican amber; fig. 1a in Perreau et al. (2021); bar 500 μm. I. Propagation phase-contrast synchrotron X-ray microtomography (PPC-SRμCT) image of mature thallus of C. electri; fig. 5a in Perreau et al. (2021); scale bar 50 μm. J. Grass spikelet with sclerotium (arrow) of Palaeoclaviceps parasiticus from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber of northern Myanmar; fig. 1 in Poinar et al. (2015); bar 2.0 mm. K. Angiosperm leaf portion with dorsal view of 5 pycnidia (arrows) of Palaeomycus epallelus from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber of northern Myanmar; fig. 1 in Poinar (2020); bar 1.0 mm. L. Pileus of Palaeoagaricites antiquus overgrown by mycoparasite Mycetophagites atrebora from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber of northern Myanmar; fig. 1A in Poinar and Buckley (2007); bar 0.5 mm. M. Mycetophagites atrebora parasitized by Entropezites patricii (arrows); fig. 1C in Poinar and Buckley (2007); bar 20 μm. N. Ascoma surrounded by incomplete ring (arrows) of thickened leaf cuticle from Jurassic of China; pl. II, fig. 15 in Sun et al. (2015); bar 50 μm. O. Section through Nothia aphylla rhizoidal ridge showing zig-zag boundary line (arrows) of secondarily thickened cell walls from Lower Devonian Rhynie chert; fig. 2e in Krings et al. (2007c); bar 100 μm. P. Triskelia scotlandica with tube-like projection (arrow) from Lower Devonian Rhynie chert; fig. 4k in Krings (2021); bar 10 μm. Q. Callosities around penetrating hyphae (arrows) of Cashhickia acuminata in calamite root cortical cells from Pennsylvanian Grand-Croix chert of France; pl. III, fig. 1 in Taylor et al. (2012); bar 50 μm. D, J–M. Courtesy of George O. Poinar, Oregon State University. E–G. Courtesy of Alexander R. Schmidt, University of Göttingen. H, I. Courtesy of Michel Perreau, Université de Paris.