due to a lack of  proper optical instruments such as mirrors and gratings.
  Furthremore, advanced technical developments in laser and nanotechnology have provided a major breakthrough in developing proper optical instruments such as mirrors and gratings as it allows us to overcome the aforementioned problems. At an earlier stage, laser-tuning enables us to observe Bragg scattering and Kapitza-Dirac effect of atomic waves by adjusting detuning frequency[ref] and it motivated the first approach(or implementation of) to the practical atomic mirror which refers to as evanescent wave mirror [ref]. On the other hand, nanotechnology have provided a major breakthrough in developing nano-fabricated devices, which can serve as matter-wave optics such as transmission grating[ref] and Fresnel zone plate[ref]. 
  Furthermore, various studies of controlling the motion of the atoms
various methods to manipulate particles, mostly by externally applied fields, have been studied both theoretically and experimentally over the past few decades (1-3). Those earlier studies have led to the success of laser atomic-cooling and -trapping which have given rise to the creation of ultracold atoms[MOT, Sisyphus, molasses, zeeman], and it enable us to prepare sources of coherent atomic waves [quantum ref Shimizu, MIT, interf].  Furthermore, advanced technical developments in laser and nanotechnology show gread promises as it allows us to overcome the aforementioned problems. ~
Thus, the development of atom optics has been opened up based on those studies of controlling the motion of the atoms.
 Therefore, the proper means to manipulate particles have to be precedeed.
 Advanced technical developments in laser and nanotechnology show great promise as it allows us to overcome the aforementioned problems. At an earlier stage, laser-tuning enables us to observe Bragg scattering and Kapitza-Dirac effect of atomic waves by adjusting detuning frequency[ref] and it motivated the first approach(or implementation of) to the practical atomic mirror which refers to as evanescent wave mirror [ref]. On the other hand, nanotechnology have provided a major breakthrough in developing nano-fabricated devices, which can serve as matter-wave optics such as transmission grating[ref] and Fresnel zone plate[ref]. 
However,
 In a short while, a totally new mechanism of matter-wave reflection has been demonstrated by observing quantum refleciton of metastable neon atoms from the solid surface. Quantum reflection is 
the development of atom optics has been opened up based on those studies of controlling the motion of the atoms.