Meanwhile, numerous methods to manipulate particles have been studied both theoretically and experimentally over the past few decades(1-3). Those earlier studies have given rise to the success of atomic-cooling and -trapping which has been act as a powerful tool to realize the atomic optics by allowing us to prepare sources of coherent atomic waves [quantum ref Shimizu, MIT, interf]. Magneto-optically trapped(MOT) metastable neon atoms, for instance, has led to the first observation of quantum reflection of matter-wave from the solid surface in 2000 [ref]. Thus, the development of atom optics has been opened up based on those studies of controlling the motion of the atoms.
Furthremore, advanced technical developments in laser and nanotechnology have provided a major breakthrough in developing atom-optical instruments like mirrors and gratings. At an earlier stage, laser-tuning enables us to observe Bragg scattering and Kapitza-Dirac effect of atomic waves by adjusting detuning frequency[ref] and it motivated the first approach(or implementation of) to the practical atomic mirror which refers to as evanescent wave mirror [ref]. Besides, establishment of nano-fabricated devices including transmission grating[ref] and Fresnel zone plate[ref] can serve as matter-wave optical elements. Based on aforementioned optical elements, atom interferometery
Atom interferometry, Microscopy, Atom chips