3D printing Outline 3D printing is any of various processes in which
material is joined or solidified under computer control to create a
three-dimensional object, with material being added together (such as
liquid molecules or powder grains being fused together). 3D printing is
used in both rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing. Objects can
be of almost any shape or geometry and typically are produced using
digital model data from a 3D model or another electronic data source
such as an Additive Manufacturing File (AMF) file (usually in sequential
layers). There are many different technologies, like stereolithography
(SLA) or fused deposit modeling (FDM). Thus, unlike material removed
from a stock in the conventional machining process, 3D printing or
Additive Manufacturing builds a three-dimensional object from a
computer-aided design (CAD) model or AMF file, usually by successively
adding material layer by layer.
A MakerBot three-dimensional printer.
The term “3D printing” originally referred to a process that deposits
a binder material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads layer by
layer. More recently, the term is being used in popular vernacular to
encompass a wider variety of additive manufacturing techniques. United
States and global technical standards use the official term additive
manufacturing for this broader sense. Terminology The umbrella term
additive manufacturing (AM) gained wide currency in the 2000s, inspired
by the theme of material being added together (in any of various ways).
In contrast, the term subtractive manufacturing appeared as a retronym
for the large family of machining processes with material removal as
their common theme. The term 3D printing still referred only to the
polymer technologies in most minds, and the term AM was likelier to be
used in metalworking and end use part production contexts than among
polymer, inkjet, or stereolithography enthusiasts. By the early 2010s,
the terms 3D printing and additive manufacturing evolved senses in which
they were alternate umbrella terms for additive technologies, one being
used in popular vernacular by consumer-maker communities and the media,
and the other used more formally by industrial end-use part producers,
machine manufacturers, and global technical standards organizations.
Until recently, the term 3D printing has been associated with machines
low-end in price or in capability. Both terms reflect that the
technologies share the theme of material addition or joining throughout
a 3D work envelope under automated control. Peter Zelinski, the
editor-in-chief of Additive Manufacturing magazine, pointed out in 2017
that the terms are still often synonymous in casual usage but that some
manufacturing industry experts are increasingly making a sense
distinction whereby Additive Manufacturing comprises 3D printing plus
other technologies or other aspects of a manufacturing process.