In this study, we show the effects of anesthesia exposure (ketamine and isoflurane) on early brain development in two distinct cohorts of typically developing rhesus macaques. Under two different settings of anesthesia exposure, handling, and image acquisition,  we show that multiple, short exposures to commonly used anesthetics are enough to cause marked changes in the white matter microstructure. Using high-resolution DTI we show significant, widespread reductions in fractional anisotropy with corresponding increases in axial, mean, and radial diffusivity occur across the brain as a result of these exposures. These effects show a dose dependence and remain even after accounting for gender and age in the generalized linear model. It is unknown if or to what degree the brain is able to recover from these reductions in fractional anisotropy which are as large as 40% in some areas of the brain. This study is among the first to examine short, clinically relevant anesthesia exposures and their effects on the brain.