In recent years, the vector tile technology has been a new approach to deliver visuals of large vector data-sets with flexible styles and rich tight-binding attribute information. With map vector tiles, there is no need to head back to the server and fetch a different set of tiles if you want to filter the output or change the style of the geometry features in the client (Yu et al., 2017). So far, commercial software and open sources (Mapbox, 2018) are emerging in supporting the vector tiles, including ESRI products, MapBox, and others.
spatial interpolation
Spatial overlay analysis
Lee, J.-G., & Kang, M. (2015). Geospatial big data: Challenges and opportunities. Big Data Research, 2(2), 74–81. doi:10.1016/j.bdr.2015.01.003
Geography has the blessed advantage of big data
Driven by the wave of
SinoGrids: a practice for open urban data in China
In the past decade, an explosion of data has taken place in Chinese cities due to widespread use of mobile Internet devices, Web 2.0 applications, and the development of the “Wired City.”
1. Development of “Wired Cities” with governments installing digital sensors everywhere in cities, for monitoring, managing, and regulating urban flows; 2. Rapid spread of mobile Internet technologies; 3. The popularity of social media and other Web 2.0 applications; 4. Accelerating development of data storage and distributed computing techniques (Kitchin 2014).
regional statistics generated through sampling
statistics departments
Some of them are official data portals, enabled by recent open government initiatives that open previously nonaccessible data sources to the general public. Others are community-generated big data initiatives, collecting data from mobile phone activities, vehicle trajectories, public transit smart card data, business catalogs, and other smart city initiatives (Batty 2012).
regulations
The opening of local government data has become a trend in China (Guo 2014).
the nation’s economic construction and social development
administrative regulations on licenses for using national fundamental geographic data promulgated by State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping
Most datasets are still based on traditional regional statistics, whose limited spatial and temporal scales constrain their applications in regional and urban studies.
Government-generated data developed for administrative purposes often fail to capture the characteristics of urban form and functions based on the public’s perception (Crooks et al. 2014).
One more important challenge that is unique to open data in China—rapid and unprecedented changes in urban morphology and behaviors due to rapid urbanization and industrialization process in China—was mentioned by Liu et al. (2015).
cultivate / habit?
promote quality of life,
network society
Dean (2016), a researcher from Columbia University, wrote that in the case of the free wireless connection programs, people would be jeopardizing their own privacy by handing their valuable data over at a very low price.
Dean, B.. (2016, January 25). The heavy price we pay for ‘free’ Wi-Fi. The conversation. Retrieved from
http://goo.gl/s3HwbU. Accessed on January 28, 2016.
non-trivial issues in
growing availability of public WiFi networks
Driven by technological innovations and increasing economic opportunities (Dargay, Gately, & Sommer, 2007), this situation has led to a steady increase in motorized and pedestrian mobility activity in cities all over the world (Millard-Ball & Schipper, 2010).
are limited in terms of scalability and real–time feedback, and that can be cost–intensive when applied to large areas.
provides little ancillary information about
proximate
while many of the large–scale studies focus on indoor activities (Abedi, Bhaskar, & Chung, 2014; Meneses & Moreira, 2012), less has been done discussing every–day movement patterns in open public spaces at the neighborhood
Heterogeneous Data Source
urbanization / fast / storytelling / memorial / heritage
developing interactive maps incorporating multimedia [4] would satisfy the perception of the information.
Citizen science
the academic literatures pertaining to each of these three functions are
reveal the synergistic relationship between these mechanisms
imperative ?
are offered voluntarily by individuals (Goodchild 2007a). Geovisualization is the display of the geospatial information to be explored interactively to facilitate the process of hypothesis formation and knowledge construction
discerning the significance of the adoption of these tools for various purposes
literature covering topics pertaining to LBS, VGI, and geovisualization is highly disjointed
disjointed
service and user / unidirectional / bidirectional
illuminate
collectively
Fuzzy Boundaries
VGI began to materialize during the emergence of Web 2.0
VGI contrasts traditional approaches to geographic information collection in that
VGI has been heralded for its ability to document and share local knowledge that once went unnoticed
; (ii) documentation of individual experiences (Goodchild 2007a, 2007b; Turner 2006; Zook and Graham 2007);
As the literature mentions above indicates
there is a dearth of literature related to
mobile location-aware technologies offer a unique potential to be used for data collection and information access to the general public
5.3. The “GeoJSON” Data Type To simplify the publication of geo-referenced information, the application stores all the data in a GeoJSON (Geographic JavaScript Object Notation) file rather than in a database, which would require the installation of a DBMS if it was not already present on the server hosting the system. GeoJSON is a specialisation of the JSON data interchange format that can manage geo-referenced data using a subset of instructions provided by the JavaScript language. GeoJSON supports cartographic visualisations by facilitating the display of lines, polygons, and other geometry objects. Developed as an open standard and widely adopted, it can be used to create map layers as the storage format. There are several development platforms aiming to represent complex datasets; the best is probably GitHub, a web-based Git repository hosting service used by over 12 million people, rendering any file with the “.geojson” suffix as a map. GeoJSON gives users a number of advantages. They are as follows: • It standardises the method used to pass information. Multiple vendors have subsequently adopted this method, which enables us to have APIs that all operate in the same manner. This can help us to discard Google Maps APIs and switch to OpenLayers or future GIS platforms; the operation would be the same, thereby preserving the integrity of the data. • Relative to the client-server computing model, the backend can serve multiple clients in the same manner or, conversely, the client can render maps regardless of how the backend is implemented—as long as it uses GeoJSON. This enables the client to be independent of the map server and simply become a consumer of GeoJSON, irrespective of how it was generated. • It can be used with modern programming languages and is readily available to run using JavaScript without further parsing. The geo-data is easily browsable because it is a regular JavaScript object. This easily facilitates further processing. It is easy to read and write. A complete GeoJSON data structure is always an object (in JSON terms). In GeoJSON, an object consists of a collection of name/value pairs, also called members.
collect swathes of spatial data from citizens, to present information relevant to a user’s current location, and to present data via interactive visualizations.
The advent of VGI has created a new relationship between the data producer and the subsequent consumer of the information
Recent Pew Study found that 35% of Americans own Smartphones (Zickuhr and Smith 2011) and of those, 74% use their phones for LBS (Zickuhr 2012) while only 5% use their phones for VGI (Zickuhr and Smith 2011).
He uses successful examples of disaster response to illustrate the useful potential of volunteered geographic services to gather and document data regarding human needs post disaster that can be used to inform disaster response priorities (Thatcher 2013).
infringement on personal safety
geovisualizations offer varying levels of interactivity
Geovisualization is an independent task in which users interact with geospatial information that enables them to feel that they have made a new discovery and formed their own ideas and conclusions (Slocum 2005).
interactive digital maps
Users interacting with maps on a mobile device are under unique stress in terms of input and interaction, computer processing, and user interface (UI) display constraints compared to traditional desktop users (Roth 2013).
spatial awareness,
supporting technology
phenomenon
pleasing esthetics and accuracy,
esthetic appeal
in the emergence of
clarity, usefulness, usability, functionality, esthetic appeal, legibility, appropriateness, innovation, and likeability
commensurate with
are pertinent to
can be sensed and thus represented digitally.
There is an emergent need to explore tne
. LBS are heavily context dependent;
there is an abundance of current literature covering the
inhibit
causing the user to be perpetually
dependent on a mobile computer for way
finding. / repeatedly
it is vital that
Most of existing mobile sensing applications consider users reporting and accessing sensing data through the Internet.
However, this approach cannot be applied in the scenarios with poor network coverage or expensive network access.
Existing data
forwarding schemes for mobile opportunistic networks are not sufficient for sensing applications as spatial-temporal correlation
among sensory data has not been explored.
cooperative sensing and data forwarding framework
thoroughly investigated
framework can serve as fundamental guidelines on
By contrast, MetroSense [6] is a novel
opportunistic sensor networking architecture that leverages mobility-enabled interactions and provides coordination between people-centric mobile sensors, static sensors,
and edge wireless access nodes
apprehension
Technological Forecasting & Social Change
remarkably
due to the high cost and
efforts involved in setting up (and maintaining) similar real
world installations for real people
unsuccessful porting of existing
interaction theories developed in labs into real world
Accelerated by the digitalization and miniaturization of electronics and the explosion of communication
networks
provisioning
inhabitants
recruited test
users
for the
sake of brevity
alleviate
unanimously
all in all
first and foremost,
If computer literacy [52] is
a requirement for competent citizenship, people without this
skill are undoubtedly marginalized.
beforehand
Almost all recent smartphones come with a rich set of
embedded sensors already built-in.
infer the context information
To that
end, the fifth generation network standards are proposed and
can make network speeds 10X faster than current communication technologies [3].
the taxonomy philosophy of the applications
Wearable Devices
As reviewed by [8], non-phone based mobile sensing devices
have values to get data from sensors that have not been built
into mobile phones (barometer, temperature, humidity sensors).
cannot ensure network availability continuously
the bandwidth for the fifth generation network
is more than 1 Gb/s
Crowdsensing smart ambient environments and
services
empowers citizens to collect
and share information about their surrounding environment via embedded sensor technologies.
as a proof-of-concept to conduct multiple
experiments simulating use-case scenarios
is rapidly gaining momentum
Martins, P. M., & McCann, J. A. (2015). The programmable city. Procedia Computer Science, 52, 334–341
are vulnerable to cyber-attacks
nefarious activities
citizen engagement
vast majority
a notable exception
being crowdsensing systems such as McSense (Cardone et al., 2013).
In this article, we argue that sensor-rich devices
have lowered the barrier to entry for the democratization of smart cities and other environments more broadly.
far-reaching
intelligent personal assistants
Goodchild, M. F. (2007). Citizens as sensors: The world of volunteered geography. GeoJournal, 69, 211–221.
without the need for top-down infrastructure and instrumentation
individuals to contribute information collected
via mobile sensors
from the jointly collected sensor observations
bottom-up approaches
their locality
capable of
commodities
The integration of observations from different sensor types yields unique semantic signatures that can
be used to differentiate places
to distinguish between, say,
a restaurant and a bookstore
having said that, 尽管
go without saying
summing up
For example, Zheng, Liu, Wang, Zhu, Liu, and Chang (2014) propose a three-dimensional (consisting of
regions, noise categories, and time slots) sensor model to infer urban noise conditions at different times of the day for
several regions in New York City, by using 3-1-1 compliant data combined with social media, road network data, and
points of interest (POIs)
signal obstructions
national human activity pattern survey (NHAPS), people spend an average of 87% of their
time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles (Klepeis et al., 2001).
indoor positioning. Elhamshary and Youssef (2015)
develop a crowdsourcing-based system that can automate the construction of semantic-rich indoor floorplans with a
specific label (e.g. venue name in a mall) or a general place category (e.g. restaurant).