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\begin{document}

\title{Understanding Brainwaves and effect of music on Brainwaves: a Review}



\author[1]{Mahaveer Suthar}%
\affil[1]{IIITM Gwalior}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 04, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
\textbf{The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear Understanding of
Brainwaves and effect of music on Brainwaves. This paper provides a
brief description of what Brainwaves are? And a study of types of
Brainwaves and their benefits. This paper also gives~details of studies
related to Effect of music on Brainwaves.~} ~

\par\null%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\section*{1.Introduction}

{\label{874460}}

At the root of all our thoughts, emotions and behaviours is the
communication between neurons within our brains. Brainwaves are produced
by synchronised electrical pulses from masses of neurons communicating
with each other. Brainwaves are detected using sensors placed on the
scalp. They are divided into bandwidths to describe their functions, but
are best thought of as a continuous spectrum of consciousness; from
slow, loud and functional - to fast, subtle, and complex. Our brainwaves
change according to what we're doing and feeling. When slower brainwaves
are dominant we can feel tired, slow, sluggish, or dreamy. The higher
frequencies are~dominant when~we feel wired, or hyper-alert.

~

\section*{2.Understanding Brainwaves}

{\label{547937}}\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/mass/imageedit-2-7847685564}
\caption{{Chart of Gamma, Beta, Alpha, Theta, and Delta
Brainwaves{[}1{]}\protect\cite{brainwaves}
{\label{931769}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{THE 5 MAIN TYPES OF BRAINWAVE
FREQUENCIES}

{\label{638147}}

Different patterns of brainwaves can be recognized by their amplitudes
and frequencies. Brainwaves can then be categorized based on their level
of activity or frequency. It's important to remember, though, that
brainwaves are not the source or the cause of brain states, or of our
experiences of our own minds -- they're just some of the detectable
reflections of the complex processes in the brain that produce our
experience of being, thinking, and perceiving.

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  \textbf{Slow activity}~refers to a lower frequency and high amplitude
  (the distance between two peaks of a wave).~These oscillations are
  often much larger in amplitude (wave depth).~Think: low, the deep beat
  of a drum.
\item
  \textbf{Fast activity}~refers to a higher frequency and often smaller
  amplitude. Think: high pitched flute.
\end{itemize}

\textbf{I. GAMMA BRAINWAVES}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Frequency: 32 -- 100 Hz
\item
  Associated state: Heightened perception, learning, problem-solving
  tasks
\item
  Gamma brainwaves are the fastest measurable EEG brainwaves and have
  been equated to `heightened perception', or a `peak mental state' when
  there is simultaneous processing of information from different parts
  of the brain. Gamma brainwaves have been observed to be much stronger
  and more regularly observed in very long-term meditators including
  Buddhist Monks. {[}2{]},{[}3{]}
\end{itemize}

\textbf{II. BETA BRAINWAVES}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Frequency: 13-32 Hz
\item
  State: Alert, normal alert consciousness, active thinking
\item
  Beta brainwaves are easiest to detect when we're busy thinking
  actively. {[}2{]},{[}3{]}
\end{itemize}

\textbf{III. ALPHA BRAINWAVES}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Frequency: 8-13 Hz~
\item
  State: Physically and mentally relaxed
\item
  Alpha brainwaves are some of the most easily observed and were the
  first to be discovered. They become detectable when the eyes are
  closed and the mind is relaxed. ~They can also often be found during
  activities such as:
\end{itemize}

\begin{quote}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Yoga
\item
  Just before falling asleep
\item
  Being creative and artistic {[}2{]},{[}3{]}~ ~~
\end{itemize}
\end{quote}

\textbf{IV. THETA BRAINWAVES}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Frequency: 4-8 Hz
\item
  State: Creativity, insight, dreams, reduced consciousness
\item
  According to Professor of Sydney University, ``previous studies have
  shown that theta waves indicate deep relaxation and occur more
  frequently in highly experienced meditation practitioners. ~The source
  is probably frontal parts of the brain, which are associated with
  monitoring of other mental processes.''
\item
  Most frequently, theta brainwaves are strongly detectable when we're
  dreaming in our sleep (think, the movie~\emph{Inception}), but they
  can also be seen ~during :
\end{itemize}

\begin{quote}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Deep meditation
\item
  Daydreaming
\end{itemize}

When we're doing a task that is so automatic that the mind can disengage
from it e.g. brushing teeth, showering. Research has also shown a
positive association of theta waves with memory, creativity and
psychological well-being. {[}2{]},{[}3{]},{[}4{]},{[}5{]}~ ~~
\end{quote}

\textbf{V. DELTA BRAINWAVES}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Frequency: 0.5-4 Hz
\item
  State: Sleep, dreaming
\item
  These are the slowest of all brainwaves and are strongest when we are
  enjoying a restorative sleep in a dreamless state. This is also the
  state where healing and rejuvenation are stimulated, which is why it's
  so crucial to get enough sleep each night.
  {[}2{]},{[}3{]},{[}4{]},{[}5{]}~
\end{itemize}

\par\null

\subsection*{BENEFITS OF INCREASING DELTA
BRAINWAVES~}

{\label{517267}}

\begin{quote}
\textbf{State of empathy} - Delta brainwaves can provide you with the
ability to read other peoples emotions and determine their feelings at
unconscious levels. In healthy amounts, delta brainwaves cause a person
to have an advanced state of empathy, understanding, and compassion for
others. If you are always able to relate to others and can ``read other
people's minds,'' you probably have more delta than the average person.
If you find yourself getting into trouble for not being considerate
enough or for ``stepping on other people's toes,'' you may have less
overall delta brainwave activity. {[}6{]}

\textbf{Advanced healing of body and mind -} The delta brainwave rhythm
is known to completely rejuvenate, replenish, and heal the entire body
and brain. The delta brainwave revives the body after a hard day by
regenerating necessary chemicals while a person is asleep. Due to the
deepest levels of relaxation that the delta brainwave provides, the body
and mind are easily able to restore themselves after minor stress, a
rigorous workout, or after boosting your brain power. {[}6{]}

\textbf{Human Growth Hormone (H.G.H.) Release} - The delta brainwave is
associated with the stimulation of the pituitary gland, which in-turn,
is able to release humangrowth-hormone --- commonly referred to as
H.G.H. It doesn't release enough for you to skyrocket in height and
weight. The delta brainwave will not provide adults with a second
version of puberty. With that said, there is evidence that it does
release slight amounts of H.G.H. in certain individuals. If you are
looking to increase your H.G.H., you should definitely consider using
delta brainwave entrainment and evaluate how it works out for you!
{[}6{]}
\end{quote}

\subsection*{THE BENEFITS OF INCREASING THETA
BRAINWAVES~}

{\label{134084}}

\begin{quote}
~\textbf{Sleep and Dreaming}~- Theta brain waves are slow and relaxing
brainwaves that are usually associated with us when we sleep and are
dreaming. Located in the right hemisphere of the brain, they usually
arise when we are dreaming, sleepy, emotional, relaxed or daydreaming.
Although we all possess theta brain waves, they are most commonly
accessible for people that struggle with ADD, or those that dream in a
very relaxed state. Artists are known to have frequent theta brain waves
as well as any other highly creative individual. Whenever we are really
and truly relaxed, dreaming in a deep slumber or creatively thinking, we
may be utilizing theta brain waves. {[}6{]}
\end{quote}

\begin{quote}
\textbf{Musicians, sculptors and artists} - Since theta brain waves
operate at a much slower rate, there are many benefits to our emotional
state of mind. It's unlikely that many adults will experience theta
brain waves during their waking hours, but many children two and under
experience it on an ongoing basis. Children have the ability to feel
relaxed at all times (except when they cry) but as adults, our brain is
usually experiencing alpha or beta brain waves. When we sleep and are
totally relaxed, we can easily experience theta brain waves. Musicians,
sculptors and artists of many genres are able to experience more theta
brain waves than other individuals. This is because they tap into theta
brain waves as a way to become creative when there `artistic juices'
have run out . {[}6{]}
\end{quote}

\subsection*{HOW CAN ONE INCREASE ANY TYPE OF
BRAINWAVE}

{\label{169952}}

\begin{quote}
\textbf{Through~Meditation -~ ~}The goal of many meditation practices is
to increase the amount of slower brainwave patterns. Usually, after
practice, meditators are able to become consciously aware in the alpha,
and possibly the theta brainwave ranges. It takes a rigorous amount of
meditation and dedication to become consciously aware during the delta
brainwave state. After you gain a lot of meditation experience, you can
eventually learn how to shift your brainwaves from the beta range,
through the pleasant calmness of alpha, into the extraordinary theta
range. If you get lucky, you'll eventually cultivate awareness in the
delta range. Experienced meditators are able to recognize and control
their state of awareness and brainwaves. Like any practice, the more you
do it, the better your chances of passing through the alpha brainwave
range, into theta, and from theta into the delta brainwave rhythm. ~
{[}6{]}

\par\null

\textbf{Conscious Stages}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  When we are consciously awake, our brain waves are going at 13-40 Hz,
  which is known as Beta brain waves. ~
\item
  When we are mediation or in a deep relaxed state, our Alpha brain
  waves measure at 7-13 Hz.
\item
  When we are dreaming, our Theta brain waves measure out at 4-7 Hz,
  which accounts for a deep 8 relaxation that no other level of our
  brain waves can match. This accounts for many benefits for both of
  mind and body. ~ {[}6{]}
\end{itemize}
\end{quote}

\par\null

\section*{3. Effect of Music on
Brainwaves}

{\label{114617}}

Music is known to affect different states of the human mind, for
example, in calming one's mind and leading to a blissful state. In this
study, the effect of music on the states of human mind is examined by
observing the changes in the alpha and beta brainwaves patterns. These
changes are compared for `attention' and `meditation' state of mind.

\par\null

\textbf{Conducted studies on Music effects -}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  \textbf{~}The effects of music, especially Mozart's music, on plants
  were studied in {[}7{]}.~
\item
  Studies related to subjective reactions to musical stimuli {[}8{]}
\item
  The influence of a preceding music on the subject's music processing
  {[}9{]}~
\item
  Music can also reduce the impact of certain diseases such as insomnia,
  blood pressure, sympathetic nervous system activity, attention deficit
  disorder/hyperactivity disorder and heart/respiratory rates {[}10{]}.
\item
  A study on music therapy had established that both the right and left
  hemispheres of the brain are involved in the music creation and
  listening {[}11{]}.
\item
  Another study on the effect of music on the overall well-being of a
  person, highlighted that self-selection of the music according to the
  person's choice is more likely to have a positive effect on the person
  {[}12{]}.~
\item
  In a study on the effect of sound on EEG, two experiments were
  performed using the alpha brainwave to examine the effects of
  Sonata/metal music and rock / `Nasyid' music on 30 subjects {[}13{]}.~
\item
  Other studies involved the cognitive function of the brain in patients
  with chronic schizophrenia {[}14{]}~
\item
  Study of sleeping patterns which established that music change the way
  a person thinks, feels, expresses and uses the brain {[}15{]}.~
\item
  Furthermore, brainwaves are also used to control the physical movement
  of a wheelchair or a robot which are of immense improvement to the
  mobility of patients with certain disabilities {[}16{]}, {[}17{]},
  {[}18{]}.~
\end{itemize}

~

\section*{4. Conclusion}

{\label{687807}}

A Preliminary Study on the Effects of Music on Human Brainwaves shows
that~listening to live violin music may help in improving a person with
left- hand side dominance to increase their right-hand side dominance by
increasing balance between both brain hemispheres{[}19{]}.~ Brain waves
are relevant to mental health, as abnormalities in brain functioning can
influence the development of certain conditions. For example, when
certain areas of the brain are over-aroused, an individual may
experience anxiety, nightmares or other sleep problems, impulsivity, and
aggression. Meditation can increase Theta and Alpha waves which are very
important in learning and empathy. Furthermore, research is needed to
exactly~know which type of Music is beneficial to a certain~person for
increasing his/her brainwaves.

\par\null\par\null

\section*{5. References}

{\label{184210}}

{[}1{]}Chart of
Brainwaves~\url{https://i0.wp.com/archesnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/BrainWaves.jpg}

{[}2{]} R. G. Morris, M. Fillenz, and A. Dickenson, Neuroscience:
Science of the brain. Liverpool: British Neuroscience Association, 1995,
ch. 14,p. 39.

{[}3{]} J. Robbins, A symphony in the brain: The evolution of the new
brainwave biofeedback, revised ed. New York: Grove Press, 2008, ch. 1,
pp. 2--3, (context: types of brainwaves).

{[}4{]} Buzs\selectlanguage{ngerman}áki, G. (2002). Theta Oscillations in the
Hippocampus.~\emph{Neuron}, {[}online{]} 33(3), pp.325-340. Available
at:~~~~~~~~~
\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089662730200586X}

{[}5{]} White, N. (1999). Theories of the Effectiveness of Alpha-Theta
Training for Multiple Disorders.~\emph{Introduction to Quantitative EEG
and Neurofeedback.~}pp 341-367. Available at:
\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780122437908500146}

{[}6{]} Jeffrey L. Fannin, Ph.D.~ UNDERSTANDING YOUR BRAINWAVES
~\url{http://drjoedispenza.com/files/understanding-brainwaves\_white\_paper.pdf}

{[}7{]} D. Retallack, The sound of music and plants. 1641 Lincoln
Blvd.,Santa Monica, CA: DeVorss abd Co. Publishers, 1973, ch. 1, p. 15.

{[}8{]} J. L. Walker, ``Subjective reactions to music and brainwave
rhythms,''Physiological Psychology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 483--489, 1977.

{[}9{]} S. Koelsch, T. Gunter, A. D. Friederici, and E. Schröger,
``Brain indices of music processing: Non-musicians are musical,''
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 520--541, 2000.

{[}10{]} K. Habe, ``Neuropsychology of music--a rapidly growing branch
of psychology,'' in Proceedings of Horizons of Psychology, vol. 19,
pp.79-- 98, 2010.

{[}11{]} A. A. Trevisan and L. Jones, ``Brain music system: Brain music
therapy based on real-time sonified brain signals,'' in Proceedings of
IET Seminaron Assisted Living, vol. 1, 2011.

{[}12{]} Nusrat and B. A. Bhat, ``Effect of music listening on health
and wellbeing: A study based on kashmiri population,'' International
Journal inManagement and Social Science, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 416--420,
2015.

{[}13{]} R. Bhoria and S. Gupta, ``A study of the effect of sound on
eeg,'' International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science
Engineering,vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 88--99, 2012.

{[}14{]} M. Kwon, M. Gang, and K. Oh, ``Effect of the group music
therapy on brain wave, behavior, and cognitive function among patients
with chronic schizophrenia,'' Asian nursing research, vol. 7, no. 4, pp.
168-- 174, 2013.

{[}15{]} I. Joshua and N. Fauzan, ``Brainwave patterns based on musical
preferences and sleeping patterns,'' Journal of Scientific Research
andDevelopment, vol. 2, no. 13, pp. 139--146, 2015.

{[}16{]} {]} K. H. Solanki and H. Pujara, ``Brainwave controlled
robot,'' International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET), vol. 2, pp.609--612, 2015 .

{[}17{]} S. Ramesh, K. Harikrishna, and J. K. Chaitanya, ``Brainwave
controlled robot using bluetooth,'' International Journal of Advanced
Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering,
vol. 3, no. 8,pp. 11572--11578, 2014.

{[}18{]} L. Thunuguntla, R. N. V. Mohan, and P. Mounika, ``Eeg based
brain controlled robot,'' International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 195--198, 2014.

{[}19{]} ~V. Straticiuc, I. E. Nicolae, R. Strungaru, T. M. Vasile, O.
A. B\selectlanguage{polish}ă\selectlanguage{english}jenaru, G. M. Ungureanu, ``A preliminary study on the effects of
music on human brainwaves'',~\emph{Electronics Computers and Artificial
Intelligence (ECAI) 2016 8th International Conference on}, pp. 1-4,
2016.

~

\par\null\par\null

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