where \(V_{\text{redox}}\) is the potential difference between the anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions in the electrochemical cell, and \(V_{\text{bias}}\) is an additional bias required to overcome overpotential and any internal resistances in the system.
\(V_{redox}\) in \(H_2\)-mediated and EET-mediated hybrid photosynthesis are regarded to be as follows respectively: