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\begin{document}

\title{Combined reef soundscape, wave dynamics and sediment transport analysis
to investigate impact of climate change on coral system.~}



\author[1]{Tristan Salles}%
\author[1]{Ana Vila-Concejo}%
\author[1]{daniel.blinkhorn}%
\affil[1]{University of Sydney}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 14, 2024}


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\sloppy


Coral reefs are threatened by ongoing climate change. The last few years
have seen unprecedented bleaching that has demonstrated that ocean
warming is the biggest most direct threat to healthy coral reefs.
Despite the broad range of studies undertaken, our understanding of the
consequences that the bleaching has for the physical processes in these
ecosystems is still limited, owing to both the complex physical and
biological interactions and the broad range of temporal and spatial
scales involved.~

\par\null

Soundscapes are recordings using passive acoustic monitoring; they have
been used as an artform known as ecoacoustic composition, where the
central message gravitates around advocating the importance of manifold
ecosystems sonically, where we may not normally have the chance to hear
a unique ecosystem, however through the use of specialist equipment and
(as importantly) compositional craft, the sounds can foster a deeper
awareness to audiences with regard to the importance of the actual
sounds. This can occur in multitudinous ways, from sonification using
actual data sets and quantifiable metrics to create rhythms, melodies,
harmonies etc for conventional instrumentation to perform, through to
highly immersive computer and studio processed renderings of the
original recordings to be performed as installations, within in
specialised concert settings across multiple channel speaker arrays
(loudspeaker orchestra's), and everything `musical' in-between. From a
more scientific perspective, it provides the chance to~monitor marine
environment health and to characterise ecological and physical changes.
Here we propose using soundscapes to study the physical processes of
coral reefs including hydrodynamics, sediment transport and coral
breaking, something that, to our knowledge, has never been done.

\par\null

Coral reefs are noisy environments due to an abundance of sounds,
including those from wind, waves, and marine animals.~Reef sounds vary
on a daily basis, by moon phases, and by seasons.~ Recent studies have
successfully used soundscapes in coral reefs to determine community
features and species diversity, identify differences among habitats, and
monitor their change.~Acoustic analyses in reefs of the Pacific Ocean
have demonstrated clear distinctions with significant higher ambient
sound pressure level and complex acoustic indices in~healthy and diverse
reefs. This suggests that climate related reef evolution will change and
disrupt the existing acoustic environment. Yet the full extent of those
changes is not well understood and is not predictable.~

\par\null

~\emph{By analysing underwater recordings, hydrodynamics and related
morphodynamics of two coral reef systems in the Great Barrier Reef: the
healthy One Tree Reef (Capricorn Group) and the bleached Lizard Island,
we aim to characterise~existing biophony, and geophony in these systems
and to evaluate the underlying mechanisms contributing~specifically~to
geophonic variability. Our goal is to combine reef soundscape and
environmental studies to provide the basis for integrative dataset which
will be used across different disciplines and would set the foundation
for characterisation of patterns of reef health and potential recovery
after disturbance.}~\textbf{We should add something about Daniel's
composition in this section.}

\par\null

To develop an improved understanding of the local acoustic environment
and soundscape, and thus provide a foundation for effective long term
passive acoustic monitoring and acoustic impact assessment, the research
will focus on the following objectives:~

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Characterise the existing soundscape based on geophonic and biophonic
  contributors.~
\item
  Evaluate spatial and temporal variability in soundscape geophony and
  identify mechanisms of sound production in different reef
  environments.~
\end{enumerate}

Soundscape characterisation in coral reef system is inherently
challenging due to (1) pseudonoise contamination from turbulent flows;
(2) increased broadband noise from mobile sediments in bedload motion or
saltation; (3) diversity of biological sources; and (4) complexity of
propagation regimes in shallow water environments. The approach,
including both instrumentation and analysis, will therefore address
these challenges through mitigation of contamination effects,
~evaluation of noise over a broad range of frequencies, timescales, and
spatial dimensions and comprehensive assessment of hydrodynamics and
sediment mobilisation regimes.~

Our research will couple sound recordings (soundscapes) with
hydrodynamic (waves and currents) and sedimentary (transport and
deposition) measurements. For the first time, we seek to specifically
answer the following questions:

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Can we isolate frequencies for different processes? We will undertake
  spectral analyses of the sound recordings to differentiate sounds
  related to waves, sediment transport, coral breaking. We will couple
  these frequencies with the hydrodynamic and sedimentary data to
  extract specific frequencies linked to them.
\item
  Can we derive parametric laws through calibration so we can then infer
  the physical processes occurring in reefs by solely analysing
  soundscapes? We will use the results in (1) to derive parametric laws
  that can then be used to analyse soundscapes to characterise the
  physical processes occurring in a given reef in a given time.
\item
  Can we quantify the health of a coral system and the associated
  physical processes using soundscapes? Can we measure reef recovery?
\end{enumerate}

The results of our research open a broad variety of opportunities for
underwater research as the microphones used to record soundscapes are
significantly cheaper than the oceanographic instruments used for
measuring hydrodynamics and sedimentary processes. While we do envisage
that calibration, achieved by co-deployment of microphones and
oceanographic instrumentation,~ will be needed for different
environments, our research will provide new opportunities for intensive
measurements in remote environments and for global projects of citizen
science. \textbf{One output here will also be Daniel's work.}

\par\null

\textbf{APPROACH}

- Intensive field campaigns at OTR and LR. Co-deployment of
oceanographic instruments and microphones for 14 days. Microphones for
longer???

- Microphone measurements on other reefs in the GBR (and elsewhere?) to
test laws.

\par\null

-Eco Acoustic
Recorders:~\url{http://oceanwidescience.org/ecological-acoustic-recorder-ear/}

\par\null

\textbf{OUTCOMES}

- Publications and conference presentations

- Daniel's music

- Open source tool to use microphones

- Citizen science (SCUBA divers with microphones :) )~

\par\null\par\null\par\null\par\null\par\null\par\null\par\null

*** OLD STUFF ***

To our knowledge, soundscape studies on coral reefs ~have only focussed
on ~biological characterisation of these systems. Consequently, these
methods do not provide an appropriate context for quantitative
comparison of results, as the acoustic surveys varied in duration,
season, weather conditions, and deployment methods; and the inclusion of
supplementary datasets such as hydrodynamic conditions or sediment
transport rate were limited in most cases. We believe that adaptive
measurement methods that acknowledge and utilises the environmental
conditions in combination with the soundscape approach will (1) enable a
more comprehensive understanding of the existing conditions and (2)
improve biological and environmental sound sources identification;
therefore enhancing the predictability of such studies.

The proposed project seeks to address important knowledge gaps related
to noise sources in coral reef system. Specifically,~

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  What are the current levels and sources of ambient noise in both
  healthy and degraded reefs, and how dominant is the sediment-generated
  noise contribution?
\item
  How do local physical and biological conditions influence the
  observed soundscape? 
\item
  What are the potential acoustic impacts of coral bleaching in relation
  to the existing physical environment soundscape?~
\end{itemize}

\begin{enumerate}
\item
\end{enumerate}

Our goals are twofold. First, we want to evaluate how efficient
soundscape analysis can be to monitor oceanic forcing of coral reefs
(e.g. can we estimate the amount of energy dissipated through wave
breaking, refraction, diffraction?). Secondly, from the variability of
sediment generated noise frequency, is it possible to infer the shear
stress required for carbonate sands mobilisation in distinct parts of
the reef and also define some parametric laws of the resistance that
arises from forces exerted by reef rugosities onto the surrounding flow;
therefore making it possible to use these laws to improve current
numerical representation of frictional wave energy flux dissipation in
reef systems.



~

\par\null\par\null

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