FCD Comparison to Normal Cortical Outlier Regions.  (A) Mahalanobis distances (from the center) of each cortical patch averaged across 30 HVs is plotted onto the smoothed cortical surface, highlighting the variability across the cortex. (B) Left: The top ~5% of outlier patches in HVs were selected and clustered; two exemplar ROIs were selected in the anterior insula (green) and precentral regions (blue).  Patches from the two exemplar ROIs as well as from FCDs are global outliers compared to randomly selected cortical patches (purple).  Right: The locations of patches within these two ROIs across HVs and the average FCD center (red) is plotted in 2D using the primary directions of the centers (larger dots) of each exemplar ROI as the axes.  (C) Similarity maps are shown for each of our exemplar normal cortical outlier ROIs, as well as for the first two components of the average across FCDs.