Across HVs, we found that patches in the same location appeared more similar than randomly selected patches (\(cos=0.45\pm 0.28\) for homotopic versus \(cos=0.00\pm 0.29\) for heterotopic random patches, \(p<0.001\)\(d=1.57\)).  FCD patches were more similar to each other (\(cos=0.29\pm0.29\)) than to random HV cortical patches (FCD vs heterotopic patches \(cos=0.006\pm0.29\)\(p<0.001\)\(d=0.97\)), but were quite similar to their underlying homotopic regions in HVs (FCD vs homotopic patches \(cos=0.24\pm0.31\)\(p=1.78\)\(d=0.17\)), presumably with more subtle lesions having a fairly typical appearance for their given location. 
These findings suggest that using a combination of distance and direction, FCDs can be distinguished from most other normal outlying regions of cortex, but some regions, such as the anterior insula and some paralimbic regions, appear similar to our FCDs in both metrics.