Although some brain regions appeared as consistent global outliers, across healthy volunteers, they may be atypical in different ways. For example, two regions that are found to have "blurry" gray-white junctions may differ from each other in myelination or thickness. In our representation, these differences in combinations of features can be represented as differences in direction, while extent of "outlierness" is represented as distance from the center, or Mahalanobis distance. We first examined this in 2 dimensions. We defined the center and direction of each exemplar outlier ROI as the average of the patches within that ROI across all healthy volunteers. We similarly defined the average FCD ROI center and direction by averaging all of the patches within each FCD, then averaging across the FCDs, to give each individual lesion equal weighting. To visualize the degree of similarity and outlierness of these , we used the average direction of the insula ROI as the x-axis and the average direction of the motor ROI as the y-axis and plotted the average center of each patch within each ROI across healthy volunteers, as well as the centers of randomly selected cortical patches (fig).