The average angle between the mean FCD and outlier region centers was \(81.01\pm23.30\)o (minimum: 38.56o in the anterior parahippocampal gyrus, maximum: 123.16o in the post-central gyrus). The insula was second closest in angle (42.2o), while the precentral ROI was close to the average difference (80.3o) (Figure 3b). This is reflected in the similar spatial distribution of the insula and FCD similarity maps, which clearly differ from that of the precentral ROI (Figure 3c). These findings suggest that using a combination of distance and direction, FCDs can be distinguished from most other normal outlying regions of cortex, but some regions, such as the anterior insula and some paralimbic regions, appear similar to our FCDs in both metrics.