Outlier Detection
In our normative model, outliers can be identified based on their distance from the center of the distribution (Mahalanobis distance (MD)). Across HVs, we identified twelve and seven consistent outlier regions in the left and right hemispheres respectively, located mostly in or adjacent to primary sensorimotor cortices or in limbic and paralimbic regions (Figure 4a). We selected two of the top three outlier regions as exemplar ROIs, located in the anterior insula and precentral gyrus (Figure 4b). FCDs were significant outliers compared to randomly selected cortical patches (FCD MD = \(3.53\pm0.60\) versus random patches MD = \(2.61\pm0.57\), p<0.001, \(d=1.60\)), but only to a similar extent as these normal outlier regions (precentral MD = \(3.46\pm0.43\), \(d=0.16\), insula MD = \(3.36\pm0.36\), \(d=0.41\)).