Next, we assessed the similarity in underlying features, or directions, between FCDs and the normally outlying cortical regions. The average angle between the mean FCD and outlier region centers was \(81.01\pm23.30\)o (minimum: 38.56o in the anterior parahippocampal gyrus, maximum: 123.16o in the post-central gyrus). The insula was second closest in angle (42.2o), while the precentral ROI was close to the average difference (80.3o) (Figure 4b). This is reflected in the similar spatial distributions of the insula and FCD similarity maps, which clearly differ from that of the precentral similarity map (Figure 4c). This suggests that FCDs appear similar in both degree of outlierness and underlying features to some regions of atypical-appearing but normal cortex, such as the anterior insula and some paralimbic regions.