Acknowledgement

The field campaign was part of and funded by BIORED (NE/N012542/1) and ECOFOR (NE/K01644X/1) projects. RT’s PhD was funded by University of Leeds, Leeds International Research Scholarship (2016–2018). RT acknowledges additional funding support from NERC IOF India grant (NE/R005079/1), Ecology and Global change cluster funds at School of Geography, University of Leeds and Climate Bursary Funds from the University of Leeds. DG acknowledges support from two NERC awards: TREMOR (NE/N004655/1) and ARBOLES (NE/S011811/1). We acknowledge CNPq/PELD Project 441244/2016-5 for field work support during the forest inventories in Nova Xavantina. AV acknowledges the funding support by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico (CNPq); and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); Centro Multiusuario CME-LBCT the infrastructure provided. Thanks to Chetan Deva, Amy Bennet, Somashekhar Achar KG, Emma Docherty and Alexander Chambers-Ostler for helpful discussions.