Distances

    Mahalinobis
        

Clusters

    kmeans
    dbscan
    densityclust

   spectral clustering

        Laplacian matrix

 

Classification

    cross-validation

Components

Decomposing signals in components (matrix factorization problems)

    PCA

http://alexhwilliams.info/itsneuronalblog/2016/03/27/pca/

    ICA

    NMF

    MDS

Kernel

    Kernel trick

    

Regression

    GLM
    Loess
    Lasso

Optimization

    Kernel trick

    https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10508997/doing-a-pca-using-an-optimization-in-matlab

Manifold

Manifold learning, manifold-based tools 

    ISOMAP

    Local Linear Embedding (LLE)

https://www.deeplearningitalia.com/manifold-based-tools-isomap-algorithm/

Network

    graph Laplacian matrix