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\begin{document}

\title{GR15\_HM02 Vernacular and climate sensitive architecture}



\author[1]{Emanuela Polizzotti}%
\author[1]{Pegah Kheiri}%
\author[1]{Grace Fuentes Rivera}%
\affil[1]{Building Energy Modeling and Envelope Design}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 08, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
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\sloppy


\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/AUTHOREA-COVER1/AUTHOREA-COVER1}
\caption{{Sites location - Cordoba,Spain \& Timisoara, Romania
{\label{624625}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Introduction:}

The approach takes into account the main factors of environmental
integration, namely: orientation and location; greenhouse and shading
effect; natural ventilation; thermal insulation, heating and thermal
inertia; ground utilization as thermo-insulator, plantation as a
sunshine moderating factor. Bioclimatic vernacular houses is considered
as a basic concept for the future architecture in Romania and Spain.
There is also a few design strategies proposed in order to minimize the
energy needs for heating, cooling, ventilating and even illuminating the
indoor spaces in the two different assigned climates.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/CORDOBA1/CORDOBA1}
\caption{{Cordoba - Spain
{\label{285986}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/TIMI1/TIMI1}
\caption{{Timisoara - Romania
{\label{955214}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\par\null

\textbf{Chapter 1: Vernacular Architecture}

\selectlanguage{ngerman}·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \textbf{Examples of vernacular architecture in
Romania and Spain}

In this chapter examples of vernacular architecture related to Romania
and Spain is presented and analyzed. Obviously every climate influenced
on our ancestors approach in building houses. According to Köppen~
climate classification, Timisoara/Romania is classified under Temperate
continental climate/Humid continental climate with mild ~temperatures in
the winter and moderate summer temperatures. while Cordoba/Spain is
classified as warm Mediterranean climate which has the highest summer
average daily~temperatures~in Europe.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/1ihjn/1ihjn}
\caption{\selectlanguage{ngerman}{Europe map of~ Köppen~ climate classification
(source:\url{https://www.britannica.com/science/Koppen-climate-classification})
~
{\label{611859}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{ngerman}

\par\null

·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \textbf{Romania}

~The traditional rural houses in Romania are the product of two main
factors: the natural environment with an excessive continental climate
-- frosty winters and torrid summers -- and the human creative nature.
Romania is under the influence of the dominant winds from the
north-west, which, in contact with the humid air of Mediterranean
origin, determines snowstorms. The climatic differences between
different regions are not essential. However, the Carpathian mountain
chain induces some climatic differences between the region of the
sub-Carpathian hills and the lowlands as well as between Moldova, the
Danube Plains and the Transylvanian Plateau.

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/2/2}
\caption{{Traditional Romanian housing prototype classified by region(source:
\url{http://www.romanianmonasteries.org/}) ~
{\label{320670}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture}{Vernacular
architecture}~refers
to~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_culture}{folk}~and
non-professional architecture, including that of
the~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants}{peasants}. At this
figure we observe Traditional Romanian house up in the mountains of
Transylvania. Colonizers established settlements in the plains and lower
plateaus while Romanians had settlements higher in the mountains
according to their pastoral life. {In
the~}\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains}{Carpathian
Mountains}~and the
surrounding~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothills}{foothills}{},
wood and clay are the primary traditional building materials.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/3/3}
\caption{{`' Casa lui Closca'' (Closca's memorial house) -- Romanian peasant who
fought for the civil rights of oppressed Romanians in Transylvania. The
memorial house, located in Rosia Montana, has a traditional rock
foundation and front porch.(source:
\url{https://www.romaniadacia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/traditional-rural-houses/casa-lui-closca-carpinis-rosia-montana-romania-carpathians-carpathian-mountains-beautiful-eastern-europe-landscapes-traditional-romanian-houses})
{\label{264305}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/4/4}
\caption{{One or two storey floor houses with rectangular plan
\url{https://blupaint.deviantart.com/art/Traditional-Architecture-RO-166173455}
{\label{542508}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/5/5}
\caption{{~
\url{https://romaniadacia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/traditional-rural-houses/}
{\label{447750}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/6/6}
\caption{{\url{https://romaniadacia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/traditional-rural-houses/}~
{\label{996991}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The majority of houses in this area have traditionally been a
single-\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storey}{storey}~or two storey
\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangular}{rectangular}~plan; a
gable~or~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_roof}{hipped}~roof; one
or two~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms}{rooms} with small
volumes with small window surface areas; a
traditional~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_oven\&action=edit\&redlink=1}{clay
oven} or central~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney}{chimney}
in clay may be existed which goes through the gable roof and keeps it
warm. In the late 19th century two types of construction predominated,
horizontal~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_house}{log
construction},
and~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_and_fill}{frame and
fill}~construction. Log walls were common in areas where wood was
available. In places with very poor timber or with an extreme timber
shortage~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_and_sill}{post and
sill}~or~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_and_daub}{wattle and
daub}~techniques could also be used. For horizontal log construction,
logs needed to be notched in order to hold together. The simple saddle
notch is the easiest and therefore
common.~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovetail_joint}{Dovetailing}~is
used by people with more experience
in~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworking}{woodworking}.{}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/7/7}
\caption{{Roofs are made of local reed or wooden shakes or shingles- wooden,
plastered and lime washed exterior walls (source:
\url{https://www.polyvore.com/romania/collection?id=4210011})
{\label{381086}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Materials used were those that could be procured locally,
including~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood}{wood}~(usually
oak),~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud}{mud},~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw}{straw},~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldstone}{fieldstone},~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material)}{lime},
and animal dung. Roofs in densely wooded and hilly areas are typically
clad in
wooden~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_(shingle)}{shakes}~or
shingles, while flatter and more open areas have traditionally
used~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye}{rye}~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw}{straw}.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/10/10}
\caption{{ground floor in areas with access to stone (source:
\url{http://naturalhomes.org/vernacular.htm})
{\label{187619}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/11/11}
\caption{{ground floor in areas with access to stone (source:
\url{http://naturalhomes.org/vernacular.htm})
{\label{810528}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/12/12}
\caption{{ground floor in areas with access to stone (source:
\url{https://romaniadacia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/traditional-rural-houses})
{\label{590945}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/13/13}
\caption{{ground floor in areas with access to stone (source:
\url{https://romaniadacia.wordpress.com/2014/10/28/traditional-rural-houses})
{\label{912833}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/14/14}
\caption{{sun behavior and over hangs (Nicolae Petrasincu and Laurentiu Fara,
Bioclimatic elements for traditional Romanian houses, Romanian Solar
Energy Society -- Romanian Section of ISES c/o. Physics Dept.,
Polytechnic University Bucharest)
{\label{242493}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The ground floor is used for storage facilities for cereals, food
products, wood and domestic animals. This is due to benefit from heat
emitted by animal down the floor; if sheds are built separately, the
ground floor may be residential as well. In mountainous areas where
stone or rock be available, first floor is usually made of this material
due to higher thermal inertia and resistance against rain, also stone is
less disposed to formation of pest and insects. In the picture bellow,
relation between length of overhang and sun ray in summer and winter is
shown.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/15/15}
\caption{{Porch an common element in Romanian rural houses (source:
\url{https://www.polyvore.com/romania/collection?id=4210011})
{\label{773207}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The porch (veranda) is an ever-present element in all Romanian rural
houses. It is often times decorated either with flowers, or covered by
vineyard leaves. During cold season residence of the house may cover the
porch with carpets or rugs to avoid heat losses(this solution reduces
air speed around windows which are more significantly located toward the
porch. It is obvious that in summer time when weather is pleasant a lot
of activities happen at this semi-open space which is surrounded by
gardens with flowers, homegrown fruits, vegetables, vineyards etc.

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/16/16}
\caption{{section of a rystic traditional house from Maramures (source:
\url{http://www.romanianmonasteries.org/})
{\label{612838}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/17/17}
\caption{{low ceiling- exposed wooden girders-decoration -- (source:
\url{http://muzeul-satului.ro})
{\label{338381}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/18/18}
\caption{{low ceiling- exposed wooden girders-decoration -- (source:
\url{http://muzeul-satului.ro})
{\label{202795}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/19/19}
\caption{{low ceiling- exposed wooden girders-decoration -- (source:
\url{http://muzeul-satului.ro})
{\label{579648}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~Inside the house has also typical characteristics, living rooms has
usually wider openings toward south, south-east or east. Although the
roof has a high slope from outside which is due to a better resistance
under common precipitation of the region, inside is flattened and has a
very low ceiling height.~the ceilings with visible wooden girders are
also specific to Romanian rustic houses. ~

In typical Romanian houses, walls are covered by handmade costumes and
rugs from inside, this is due to both decoration, and also in order to
decrease heat transfer by conduction and convection from inside to
outside. This helps to avoid humidity inside the walls effects on
effective temperature of onside.

~Many peoples in this area plaster their log homes inside and out to
keep out moisture, improve insulation, to hide imperfections in
construction, and for
general~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_value}{aesthetic
value}. Traditional plaster is made of clay, water, dung, and straw
or~\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff}{chaff}. Several coats may
be applied to create a smooth finish, and then coated with lime and
water to produce a pleasing white color and protect the clay from the
rain ~

~

\selectlanguage{ngerman}·~~~~~~~ \textbf{Cordoba}

under the Köppen Climate Classification ,Cordoba lays in ``dry-summer
subtropical'' climates or ``Mediterranean''. This climate zone has an
average temperature above 10°C in their warmest months, and an average
in the coldest between 18 to -3°C. Summers tend to be dry with less than
one-third that of the wettest winter month, and with less than 30mm of
precipitation in a summer month. Many of the regions with Mediterranean
climates have relatively mild winters and very warm summers.

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/THE-CAVES--GRANADA-AND-ALMERIA(sourcehttpwww-andalucia-orgenroutesthe-caves-granada-and-almeria)/THE-CAVES--GRANADA-AND-ALMERIA(sourcehttpwww-andalucia-orgenroutesthe-caves-granada-and-almeria)}
\caption{{THE CAVES. GRANADA AND ALMERIA (source:
www.andalucia.org/enroutesthe-caves-granada-and-almeria)
{\label{314722}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Around 10,000 cave dwellings are dotted throughout almost the whole of
Andalusia (where Cordoba is located as well), 95\% of them concentrated
in the provinces of Granada and Almer\selectlanguage{ngerman}ía but the typology of the dwelling
in this region follows the same strategies as they do in Cordoba.

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Cuevas-of-Sacromonte-GM/Cuevas-of-Sacromonte-GM}
\caption{{Caves of Sacromonte~ (source:
\href{http://www.andalucia.org}{www.andalucia.org}~) ~
{\label{795922}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

They can be found in the dale
of~\href{http://www.andalucia.org/en/destinations/provincias/granada/municipios/guadix/}{\textbf{Guadix}},
the high plateaux
of~\href{http://www.andalucia.org/en/destinations/provincias/granada/municipios/baza/}{\textbf{Baza}}~and~\selectlanguage{ngerman}\href{http://www.andalucia.org/en/destinations/provincias/granada/municipios/huescar/}{\textbf{Huéscar}},
and the valleys of Andarax and Almanzora, which are hollows surrounded
by mountain areas which possess two fundamental characteristics:
consistent, impermeable land which is easy to excavate and a dry,
sometimes arid climate with sharp thermal variations.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/s/s}
\caption{{a porch made of plants or construction materials -~materials
-~\url{http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132304001295\#TBL1}
~
{\label{878162}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~

~

The caves are situated on hill and mountainsides or around small
hillocks and are usually built around one square-based room. Facades and
chimneys, whose lime or colour contrast with the ochre colour of the
earth, comprise their external appearance. Additional pieces are often
added to the facades, either attached or free-standing, and a porch made
of plants or construction materials is sometimes built on, marking out a
complementary space to the cave called the ``placeta'', the little
square.

~Inside, the problems of ventilation and lighting are solved by
skylights. This cave architecture, which goes far back into history,
became considerably more popular in the last century as a result of
agricultural and mining developments, and the last spurt of cave digging
on a large scale occurred in Guadix in the 50s.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/c/c}
\caption{\selectlanguage{polish}{Flat roof of a popular housing in Nıjar (Almerıa)~
\url{http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132304001295\#TBL1}
{\label{578010}}%
}\selectlanguage{english}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The photography show a vertical clearstory placed in the flat roof of a
building. The aim of this element is the protection against solar
radiation. This vertical clearstory provides light and ventilation to
the interior of the building but not allows the penetration of the
direct solar rays. ~



\par\null

~

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/20/20}
\caption{{{\label{721190}}
Subterranean housing in Benimamet (Valencia)~
\url{http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132304001295\#TBL1}
{\label{721190}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\par\null

Here can be seen that houses are excavated below ground level. This is a
very effective strategy both for the thermal properties of the ground
which have very high thermal inertial but also because it is possible to
control solar radiation in such a way that openings are facing mainly
North direction.~ also having a small private yard makes it possible to
grow greens plants which ends in humidification of the space and also as
this yard is mostly laying under shadow of adjacent buildings, a cool
atmosphere will be created where makes a pleasant air current enters
across the dwelling.

Studying dwellings in cities nearby where they are not excavated inside
the ground ended in some similarities as well, such as light color of
the external surfaces, low area of openings, natural or artificial
shading system,\ldots{}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/21/21}
\caption{{This is a~ Popular house in San Luis (Menorca) caption~
\url{http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132304001295\#TBL1}
{\label{603133}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The bioclimatic element is the system to collect the rain water. This
system is formed by a gutter arriving from the roof and a cistern joint
to the building where the water is stored. Besides the saving on water
consumption this systems can provide evaporative cooling effect in
summer.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/22/22}
\caption{{Popular housing in Lanzarote (Canarian Islands)~
\url{http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132304001295\#TBL1}
{\label{925744}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

This building due to its cubic form, white color, and prevalence of wall
on openings, contrast with the environment in a positive way. This
characteristics of the building are designed to fight the high solar
radiation received in the island.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/24/24}
\caption{{Popular house in Osuna (Sevilla )~
\url{http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132304001295\#TBL1}
{\label{704867}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In this buildings, there are wooden lattice in the windows as elements
to avoid the solar radiation. These elements are employed also in
non-popular buildings as in La Alhambra in Granada. Besides the lattice
the building has the walls whitewashed and bars in the windows; this is
an example of the typical Andalusian building.

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/courtyard-cordoba-houses-garden-archeyes-12/courtyard-cordoba-houses-garden-archeyes-12}
\caption{{Historic center of
Cordoba-\href{http://yuripetrovsky.wordpress.com/2009/09/08/cordoba-a-vista-de-pajaro-ii/}{yuripetrovsky.wordpress.com}
~
{\label{376781}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Later on, by growing villages and emerging the cities, excavation was
not efficient any more, in result picture of the cities changed.
Material were still mainly made of soil with high thermal inertia, but
constructions turned into 2-storey buildings. A court yard in shade with
green plants and flowers were placed in the middle and white colored
buildings with porches and balconies were formed around it. Internal
height of the buildings increased. Also more window area was considered,
to benefit from cross current.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.28\columnwidth]{figures/courtyard/courtyard}
\caption{{White colored facades, courtyards with greens, traces and porches,
common elements in Cordoba
-\href{http://yuripetrovsky.wordpress.com/2009/09/08/cordoba-a-vista-de-pajaro-ii/}{yuripetrovsky.wordpress.com}
~
{\label{401917}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/temp-31253cff19ad6fa3e78e/temp-31253cff19ad6fa3e78e}
\caption{{Arches and patterns on ceramics-influence of Islamic architecture in
Cordoba-\href{http://yuripetrovsky.wordpress.com/2009/09/08/cordoba-a-vista-de-pajaro-ii/}{yuripetrovsky.wordpress.com}
~ ~
{\label{870360}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/sketch/sketch}
\caption{{A general comparison between the two given cities (source: hand drawing
by group 15)
{\label{173571}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Chapter 2: Design Strategies:}

\selectlanguage{ngerman}·~~~~~~~~ \textbf{Climate analysis:}

In order to study and consider different possible passive strategies,
with the final aim of assuring physiological comfort, we have to first
study and understand the climate where we will be working. First it is
important to understand that climates vary depending on multiple
factors, such us, altitude with respect to the sea level, distance from
the equator, inclination of the earth, sun position etc\ldots{} , with
this in mind, it's possible to identify 4 main climate zones:

·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Torrid zone: ``Central'' parts of the earth,
surrounding the equator. High angle of incoming sunlight

·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Temperate zone: Just after the Torrid zone. Angles
of sunrays start decreasing.

·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Frigid zone: At the two poles of the earth. Very
low, if any, sun radiation.

Having defined these macro climate zones is not enough to fully
understand though the local climate of a city, reason why within each
zone we can identify multiple different climates. To do so, knowing that
both Timisoara and Cordoba set inside the temperate zone, we can look at
the charts shown below and try identify our geographic position.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/25/25}
\caption{{Word map - continental climate
{\label{517956}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/timis/timis}
\caption{{Pscrometic chart - internal comfort through passive strategies -
Timisoara
{\label{566880}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/26/26}
\caption{{Word map - Temperate climate
{\label{833376}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/cord/cord}
\caption{{Psycometric chart - internal comort through passive strategies - Cordoba
{\label{897337}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

As we can see, Cordoba and Timisoara, even though do not differ very
much in terms of distance from the equator, they have very different
climates. In particular, The first can be consider to be a Mediterranean
temperate mesothermal climate, identified with the color light yellow
and the latter a warm, humid continental climate identified with the
color light blue. By looking at hte psycometric charts it can be seen
that Cordoba is able to reach higher persentage of hours (79\%) under
comfort zone by means of passive strategies with respect to Timisoara
(52\%) where lot of energy is still needed for heating.

In the Mediterranean coasts (Mediterranean climate) the main problem is
the hot and dry summer. The strategies should be employed are the
protection against solar radiation (systems of shading and small
openings) as well as strategies for the saving of water consumption or
for the collecting of rainfall

In Continental climate, due to the fluctuation in temperatures along the
year, strategies against cold temperatures in winter as well as against
solar radiation in summer must be employed. By using the cases of
vernacular architecture as a model, in this area of continental climate
the new building should be designed with:

--high thermal mass to use its damper effect,

--protection of the entrance,

--strategies against cold temperatures in winter: compact built form,
appropriate thickness of insulation, use of solar radiation in the
northern interior part and protection against solar radiation in the
southern interior part of Spain.

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  ~\textbf{Watson\&Lab matrix: Timisoara}
\end{itemize}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/27/27}
\caption{{Watson\&Lab matrix - Timisoara
{\label{487815}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  \textbf{Watson\&Lab matrix: Cordoba}
\end{itemize}

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/28/28}
\caption{{Watson\&Lab matrix - Cordoba
{\label{996826}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}



\textbf{Chapter 3: Climate responsive architecturesf}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  \textbf{Timisoara, Romania}
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Marasescu Residence, Bucharest,
Romania-2008}

{\label{461346}}

Proket Team: Mario Kuibus, Roxana Dumitriu, Irina Plesnila, Cornelia
Zaharia~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/41/41}
\caption{{~ \textbf{Marasescu Residence}, Bucharest, Romania~
(source:\url{https://www.e-architect.co.uk/architects/re-act-now-architects-Photo}:
Andrei Margulescu)
{\label{551994}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The expansion and construction of upper floors at a house in Bucharest,
finally led to a total re-thinking of the old structure, which led to
the removal of a large part the roof. A house affording comfort,
confidence and cultural \selectlanguage{ngerman}«safety» was, in part, the theme received. If we
analyze house archetypes anywhere, we will realize that in many
cultures, old or new, here or anywhere, houses are perceived as
«friendly», «human», «safe» when conceptually there is a stone pedestal
overtopped by an upper wooden structure.~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/42/42}
\caption{{Production scheme~
{\label{686792}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

It was realized that this was the answer that had to given to the theme
proposed: a house with a \selectlanguage{ngerman}«stone» pedestal and an upper «wooden»
structure. It was found a simple scheme, which also allowed to give
meaning to things: stone in the «day» area of the house and wood in the
«night» one. As for the rest, everything went «normally»: spaces
expanded vertically, from the semibasement to the uppermost floor,
compartments marked by graphically customized glass, the
atrium-greenhouse at the uppermost floor as a transitory space towards
the couple's bathroom, a skylight over the staircase, with windows in
astral colors (violet, yellow, orange etc.), and the like, things that
are culturally «safe»\ldots{}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/43/43}
\caption{{\textbf{Marasescu Residence}, Bucharest, Romania~
(source:\url{https://www.e-architect.co.uk/architects/re-act-now-architects-Photo}:
Andrei Margulescu)
{\label{237490}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/45/45}
\caption{{Decoration, eat and light inside / greenhouse effect
{\label{417897}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Inside takes advantage of indirect day light due to roof mounted
windows, in this case using colored window reminds us traditional
decoration in modern way and also absorbs more heat through sun.

Dual purpose overall windows are able to be closed and produce
greenhouse effect during winter and be opened during summer to let air
current happens.

\subsection*{Bucharest Apartments in
Romania}

{\label{349102}}

\selectlanguage{polish}\emph{Design: ADN Birou de Arhitectură}

\selectlanguage{english}Location: Str. Dogarilor 26--30, Bucure\selectlanguage{romanian}ști / 26--30, Dogarilor Street,
Bucharest, Romania\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/46/46}
\caption{{\url{https://www.e-architect.co.uk/romania/bucharest-apartments-in-romania}
{\label{140960}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

One of the most important and problematic aspects of nowadays Bucharest
is the fast densification of the central area. While the architects
believe that density can, and many times must be seen as a form of
sustainability, they also admit that the often fragile relationship
between habitation within an old neighborhood and the increase of
density could many times alter the place and reduce its existing
qualities. The project is looking for an appropriate answer to this
problem. It tries to mediate between different sizes and densities, in a
quite central neighborhood characterized by small streets, long, narrow
plots and a puzzle of old and new buildings of all types and scales. The
building searches to preserve, at its own scale, the porosity and
``profoundness'' of the deep, narrow plots, while also trying to capture
part of the ``collage''-like appearance of the surroundings.

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/47/47}
\caption{{Architectural intergation with surrounding buildings
{\label{200646}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The architects have also tried to mediate between the continuous
alignment required by the urban regulation and the specific of the
street and of the surrounding urban fabric, characterized by
fragmentation.~

At the same time, the project proposes a type of habitation which the
architects consider suitable for the center of the contemporary city: a
place where the relatively small spaces and the density are complemented
by diversity and wider common spaces.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/48/48}
\caption{{Internal courtyard
{\label{544337}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Most of the apartments are different from one another, not only in size,
but especially in typology: they range from studios to four-bedroom
apartments -- each one of them laying on one, two or even three floors
and having private courtyards, balconies or terraces of different sizes.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/49/49}
\caption{{Internal distribution
{\label{676060}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

They all are complemented by several indoor and outdoor common spaces
(terraces, party room, large halls etc.), while the ground floor offers
several commercial spaces and ateliers to rent, towards the street and
the inner courtyard.

~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/51/51}
\caption{{Photos of the interiors
{\label{857434}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The apartments are conceived by ADN Birou de Arhitectur\selectlanguage{polish}ă \selectlanguage{english}in such way as
to allow a great deal of flexibility, making it possible to connect
(horizontally or vertically) two or more small units into a larger one.
Such changes have occurred all along the construction process, leading,
in the end, at a building consisting of 77 residential units offering
approx. 50 types of apartments.

~

\subsection*{The Egg House, Baneasa, Bucharest,
Romania}

{\label{768796}}

Project team: Mario Kuibus, Anca Pop, Claudiu Bica Structure design:
Icipe 1 A Installation design: Roinstar Execution: Scorillo, Suki,
Strial, Bel

Profile Area: 980 sqm

Year of completion: 2005\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/52/52}
\caption{{Andrei Margulescu-
(\url{https://www.e-architect.co.uk/architects/re-act-now-architects})
{\label{681713}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Also called The Egg Villa, the house would be more than a perfect dome,
indifferent to the main natural landmark, the wood and to the cardinal
points. It is closed towards the street, opening towards the main light
source and providing insights of the forest and the key points of the
house. The concept starts from two primary volumes growing out of the
land -- one covered in stone ant the other one in wood -- and sheltered
by its protective dome, like a technologic umbrella. The stairs, main
compositional component, connects the two natural volumes as a
technological binder in metal and glass. The illumination intercepts and
stresses the volume, while the dome absorbs the shadows and their games.

\subsection*{House in Romania : Free Form
Buildings}

{\label{992657}}

Romanian Residence, Cioboteni -- design by Portik Adorj\selectlanguage{ngerman}án Architects

Location: Cioboteni, Romania

Area: 320 m2 Function: Single-family house

The building is designed for a five member family. It contains -- next
by the living area -- five bedrooms and two bathrooms. The internal
spaces are arranged in the living area in a high ground-floor, the
bedrooms and the service areas on two levels. The garage and an external
storage forms a separate volume.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/53/53}
\caption{{This is a caption
{\label{206201}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

~This project is the first application of the ,,Free Form Buildings''
construction system.

The significant parameters are:

~-- patent nr. and tite: P 1000399, Polyhedral surfaced, celled, space
dividing structure;

-- by the method we are able to build multi curved structures;

-- components: oriented standard board (OSB) panels, wood slats;

-- the internal cells are fulfilled with thermal insulation;

-- the structure works as the thermic shell of the building\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/54/54}
\caption{{Renderings
{\label{811339}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/55/55}
\caption{{Architectural plan
{\label{625713}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The external coverings of the shell -- for the current application- are
wooden boarding and zinc membranes, as well other covering materialls
are appliable. The application of this construction system -- next by
the low cost of the building- facilitates the energy consumption of the
use of the building.

The project is corresponding the passive house requirements of 15 kWh/m\selectlanguage{ngerman}²
per year, with a full width of the external wall of 55cm, in a medium of
+6 annual degree C. The heating is supplied by air to air heat recovery
and ground heat exchanger ventilation

\par\null

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  \textbf{Cordoba}
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Energy-Efficient Residence in Spain,~ Villa EntreEncinas
~}

{\label{304174}}

Location:~ Villanueva de Pría, Spain\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/29/29}
\caption{{~ ~ ~ Villa EntreEncinas
~\url{https://freshome.com/2012/11/16/energy-efficient-residence-in-spain-inspiring-healthy-modern-living/}
{\label{660586}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\href{http://duqueyzamora.wordpress.com/}{Duque y Zamora
Arquitectos}~completed the design for a generously-sized modern home in
Villanueva de Pr\selectlanguage{ngerman}ía, Spain. The residence pays tribute to energy
efficiency and sustainability. Part of a joint project that includes
three other houses, Villa EntreEncinas consists of a compact volume,
partially hidden in the steep terrain. To the south, there is a solar
collector, which sits on the flat area of the plot. Its height does not
exceed that of the surrounding treetops\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/32/57}
\caption{{Different facade
strategies~\url{https://freshome.com/2012/11/16/energy-efficient-residence-in-spain-inspiring-healthy-modern-living/}
{\label{219921}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

From the 1st floor, the view is not interrupted and the light shines
with greater intensity and duration. This was the perfect place to
position the living room, kitchen and bathroom. The private areas are
located on the ground floor. According to the architects, the materials
used for the construction were~ non-toxic, with a low environmental
impact for a healthy indoor environment,~ mostly of organic origin and
100\% renewable:~\selectlanguage{ngerman}\emph{``laminated wood for prefabricated structures,
insulation cork for façade and roof, cellular glass insulation under
slab, piping, wiring and electrical equipment polypropylene lime plaster
facade, roof garden, PVC curtains and blinds, and natural limestone
flooring and bamboo}``.

As it can be seen, two very different strategies were adopted for the
facade. respectively, facing south we have the use of large windows
which serves to trap as much sun energy as possible during the winter
months, facing east, which receives sun mainly during the morning we
also encounter fairly large windows, but only on the second level since
the first one is below ground.On the other hand west and north facades
have minimal apertures.~ ~~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/56/56}
\caption{{Greenhouse
effect~\url{https://freshome.com/2012/11/16/energy-efficient-residence-in-spain-inspiring-healthy-modern-living/}
~
{\label{636521}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

High exploitation of sun energy is made by means of greenhouse effect on
the southern facade.~\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/36/36}
\caption{{Internal plan and
exposition~\url{https://freshome.com/2012/11/16/energy-efficient-residence-in-spain-inspiring-healthy-modern-living/}
{\label{276041}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Lush green walls sandwich pioneering net-zero energy building in
Spain}

Location: M\selectlanguage{ngerman}álaga, Spain \textbf{}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/37/37}
\caption{{\url{https://inhabitat.com/lush-green-walls-sandwich-pioneering-net-zero-energy-building-in-spain/}
{\label{548942}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Parts of Europe have passed legislation that will
require~\href{https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/buildings}{all
new buildings built after 2020~}to adhere as closely as possible
to~\href{https://inhabitat.com/tag/net-zero/}{net-zero}~energy designs.
Spanish architecture firm~\href{http://www.ezar.es/es/}{EZAR}~and
architect Juan Bl\selectlanguage{ngerman}ázquez demonstrated the potential beauty of such
designs through
the~\href{http://www.ezar.es/es/diseno-edificio-inteligente-csi-idea-alahurin-de-la-torre-malaga}{CSI-IDEA
Building}~in Málaga, Spain, which has a green face and generates more
energy than it needs to run.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/38/38}
\caption{{\url{https://inhabitat.com/lush-green-walls-sandwich-pioneering-net-zero-energy-building-in-spain/}
{\label{216518}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The CSI-IDEA Building makes use
of~\href{https://inhabitat.com/tag/passive-design/}{passive design},
including its unique shape, to reduce the overall energy
load.~\href{https://inhabitat.com/tag/solar-thermal/}{Solar
thermal}~energy generated on site provides heat, with a design that
ensures the building
generates~\href{http://www.archdaily.com/787407/edificio-inteligente-csi-idea-juan-blazquez-y-oficina-tecnica-municipal-ayuntamiento-alhaurin-de-la-torre}{more
energy than it utilizes}. Efficient air conditioning and lighting also
reduce energy consumption.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/39/39}
\caption{{\url{https://inhabitat.com/lush-green-walls-sandwich-pioneering-net-zero-energy-building-in-spain/}
{\label{159028}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Energy efficiency isn't the only sustainable feature of the CSI-IDEA
Building. The materials used also play a part in reducing its
environmental impact. EZAR used both recycled materials and those that
can be recycled in the future in the construction, with an emphasis
on~\href{http://www.archdaily.com/787407/edificio-inteligente-csi-idea-juan-blazquez-y-oficina-tecnica-municipal-ayuntamiento-alhaurin-de-la-torre}{low
toxicity materials and finishing}. Further, each end of the building
includes a~\href{https://inhabitat.com/tag/green-wall/}{wall of
vegetation}, which adds to the elegance of the design and blends the
building in beautifully with the surrounding community.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/40/40}
\caption{{\url{https://inhabitat.com/lush-green-walls-sandwich-pioneering-net-zero-energy-building-in-spain/}
{\label{741973}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

EZAR reports the project will result
in~\href{http://www.archdaily.com/787407/edificio-inteligente-csi-idea-juan-blazquez-y-oficina-tecnica-municipal-ayuntamiento-alhaurin-de-la-torre}{reduced
carbon emissions}~and less energy and water consumption. Thanks to this
and rainwater harvesting, CSI-IDEA uses 50 percent less water than a
typical building. It is also designed
to~\href{http://www.archdaily.com/787407/edificio-inteligente-csi-idea-juan-blazquez-y-oficina-tecnica-municipal-ayuntamiento-alhaurin-de-la-torre}{recycle
75 percent}~of all waste generated in the building.

EZAR also concerned themselves with the health of the building's
occupants, with lighting and acoustics designed to provide natural
comfort. According to
EZAR's~\href{http://www.ezar.es/es/diseno-edificio-inteligente-csi-idea-alahurin-de-la-torre-malaga}{design
brief}, ``The architecture of the building itself guarantees the quality
of life of users while preserving their health.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/AUTHOREA-COVER/AUTHOREA-COVER}
\caption{{This is a caption
{\label{288505}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

